35 research outputs found
Determinantes, dinĂąmica e consequĂȘncia de trabalho infantil no Brasil
Orientador: Marcelo Justus dos SantosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de EconomiaResumo: Esta dissertação Ă© dividida em quatro artigos independentes. O principal objetivo Ă© preencher certas lacunas a respeito de determinantes, dinĂąmica e consequĂȘncia de trabalho infantil no Brasil. No primeiro ensaio, busca-se explorar o conceito de trabalho infantil como um fenĂŽmeno natural no Brasil. Nesse intuito, Ă© revisada a literatura sobre a histĂłria do trabalho infantil, focando em seus conceitos sociais e constitucionais. A principal conclusĂŁo desse ensaio Ă© de que o conceito de trabalho infantil como natural, ou seja, parte do desenvolvimento e aprendizado da criança, inclusive afastando-a da delinquĂȘncia, foi historicamente enraizado e continua presente na mentalidade da sociedade brasileira. No segundo ensaio, investigam-se os determinantes da taxa de trabalho infantil no Brasil, ressaltando o impacto do programa Bolsa FamĂlia e da fiscalização realizada pelo MinistĂ©rio do Trabalho. Utilizaram-se dados das PNADs 2004-2009 e 2011-2014 para a estimação de um modelo de dados em painel construĂdo para as 27 unidades federativas. Nesse segundo ensaio, nĂŁo encontrou-se evidĂȘncia empĂrica conclusiva que permita sustentar a hipĂłtese de que o programa Bolsa FamĂlia e a fiscalização do trabalho contribuĂram para a redução do trabalho infantil. No terceiro estudo, Ă© investigada a persistĂȘncia intergeracional do trabalho infantil, com o intuito de encontrar o ponto no qual o risco de transmissĂŁo de trabalho infantil entre duas geraçÔes da mesma famĂlia torna-se mĂnimo. Foram utilizados dados empilhados das PNADs 2004-2009 e 2011-2014 para estimar modelos probit. Nesse estudo, encontrou-se evidĂȘncia que corrobora a literatura prĂ©via sobre a existĂȘncia da armadilha de trabalho infantil no Brasil. Especificamente, o risco de trabalho infantil numa geração possui relação negativa e nĂŁo linear com a idade em que os pais começaram a trabalhar. No Ășltimo ensaio, tambĂ©m por meio de regressĂ”es probit, Ă© analisada a relação empĂrica entre trabalho infantil e depressĂŁo mental, utilizando dados da PNAD 2008 e de seu suplemento especial sobre saĂșde. Nesse Ășltimo artigo, encontrou-se evidĂȘncia inĂ©dita sobre a relação positiva entre trabalho na infĂąncia ou juventude e depressĂŁo mental na fase adulta da vidaAbstract: This master's thesis is divided in four independent articles. The main objective is to fill some of the gaps concerning the determinants, dynamic and consequence of child labor in Brazil. In the first essay, we explore the cultural-historical concept of child labor as a natural phenomenon in Brazil. For this, we review the literature concerning the history of child labor, focusing on its social and constitutional concepts. The main conclusion from the first paper is that the concept of child labor as natural, i.e., part of the development and education of children, inclusively to deviate them from delinquency, was historically rooted and continues present in the mentality of the Brazilian society. In the second essay, we investigate the determinants of child labor rate in Brazil, emphasizing the role of the Bolsa FamĂlia program and the Labor Inspection conducted by the Ministry of Labor. For this, data from 2004-2009 and 2011-2014 PNADs of the 27 federation units were used to estimate panel data models. In this second essay, we found no conclusive empirical evidence which permits to sustain the hypothesis that the Bolsa FamĂlia program and the Labor Inspection contributed to reduce child labor. In the third article, we investigated the probability of intergenerational persistence of child labor so as to find the point at which the risk of transmission of child labor among two generations of the same family turns minimum. For this, we used a pooled sample of 2004 to 2014 PNAD data to estimate probit models. In this article, we found evidence which corroborates previous literature about the existence of child labor trap in Brazil. Particularly, the risk of child labor in a generation has negative and nonlinear relationship with the age at which parents started working. In the fourth essay, also using probit regressions, we empirically analyzed the relationship between child labor and mental depression using 2008 PNAD data and its special supplement concerning health. In this last essay, we found the first empirical evidence regarding a positive relationship between work during childhood and mental depression during adulthoodMestradoEconomia Social e do TrabalhoMestre em Desenvolvimento EconĂŽmico2015/21410-8FAPES
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A descriptive study of the design, operation and evaluation of a competency based in-service module program in mainstreaming students with special needs for teachers of vocational education.
Enhancing the social ecological framework : a social marketing solution
Purpose â Social marketing has been criticised for mainly focusing on the individual and not the wider environmental impacts. Collins, Tapp and Pressley (2010) began the process of tackling this issue by introducing the Social Ecological Framework (SEF). The SEF is based on Bronfenbrennerâs (1977) Ecological Theory, but it utilises his first iteration. This thesis has enhanced the framework by incorporating Bronfenbrennerâs (2005) Person-Process-Context- Time Model.Design/methodology/approach â The study utilises a mixed methods approach with a single case study: examining why individuals living with diabetes chose to attend (or not) a structured education course in England. It examines the attitudes of the patients, healthcare professionals and administrators of the NHS.Findings â The research identified that there was a large disparity in the types of services provided by the various PCTs. Many patients were unaware of the courses and that they should have been offered a place: the key driver, which dictated the types of services provided by the NHS was money. The patientâs decision to attend or not was influenced by a variety of factors that were correlated to wider environmental issues, or more specifically Bronfenbrennerâs PPCT model.Research implications/limitations â Utilising Bronfenbrennerâs PPCT model within the SEF has positive implications to the process. Researchers and practitioners will now have a new way of addressing social marketing issues. The studyâs scope was limited to a âhealthâ social marketing review, further research will be required to confirm it relevance across the wider social marketing domain.Practical implications â Diabetes is a growing chronic condition that accounts for approximately 11% many nation health service providersâ budgets. Diabetes structured education is proven to empower patients and reduce costs but many of these patients are failing to engage with the process. The enhanced SEF that this research is providing may solve the issue.Originality/value â The study provides an example of social marketers having to deal with multiple complex behaviour changes. It also addresses a concern that is continually raised by the social marketing fraternity: researchers tend to focus on the individual.Keywords â Social marketing, Social Ecological Framework, Ecological Theory, Bio-Ecological Theory, Bronfenbrenner, PPCT Model (Person, Process, Context and Time), diabetes and diabetes structured education
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The acceptance and use of information and communication technologies by staff members in Khartoum stateâs universities (Sudan)
This study is mainly designed to investigate the issue of acceptance and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and examine factors that influence and predict acceptance and use of ICTs among Staff Members (SMs) of Khartoum State Universities (KSUs) (Sudan). To achieve these objectives the study was structured in seven chapters that represent the chronological development of the study.
The review of the literature allows for the development of a study conceptual framework, instruments, and methodology of the study. A mixed methodology, mainly quantitative questionnaire of a deductive nature and qualitative methods, was employed. Of 787 questionnaires randomly distributed 527 (a response rate 67 %,) was received and analysed. The analysis was performed using SPSS, Smart Partial Least Squire (Smart-PLS), and qualitative analysis.
Thus, descriptive, explanatory, and content analyses were presented and discussed. The results of the analysis of the situations and variations provide important information on SMsâ skills, experience, purposes and duration of ICT use. The result revealed that, ICTs were widely used by most SMs. However, relatively low numbers of SMs used ICTs in teaching. Perceived usefulness (PU) and SMsâ intrinsic motivation were the main reasons that motivated SMs to use ICTs. Amongst different purposes of using ICTs, SMs use it principally for teaching and academic purposes.
Among many suggested constrains, specific infrastructure, organization, and individual level were strongly agreed on as the main problem that hinder SMsâ ICT use. The statistical analysis revealed that the use of ICTs for teaching and the duration of this use vary significantly with variations in SMsâ demographic and personal characteristics. In order to examine factors influencing SMsâ acceptance and use of ICTs, a conceptual framework and relevant instruments of data collections, which was based on technology acceptance model (TAM) supported by other models, were developed. The analysis of Structural equation modelling (SEM) via smart-PLS confirmed the reliability and validity of the measurements and the structural models.
The results of the analysis of the structural models indicate that nine out of thirteen claimed hypotheses were proved and supported. The findings proved applicability and the validity of TAM in predicting SMsâ acceptance and use of ICTs in the study context. SMsâ acceptance of ICTs was found to.Die vorliegende Arbeit beleuchtet die Fragen der Akzeptanz und Nutzung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT). Sie untersucht am Beispiel des Lehrpersonals von staatlichen sowie privaten UniversitĂ€ten im Bundesland Khartum (Sudan), welche Faktoren und EinflĂŒsse eine Vorhersage von IKT-Akzeptanz und Nutzung ermöglichen. Die Darstellung gliedert sich in sieben Kapiteln, die die chronologische Entwicklung der Studie reprĂ€sentieren. Ein vorausgehendes umfangreiches Literaturstudium ist die Grundlage fĂŒr den konzeptionellen Rahmen und die Methodik der vorgelegten Arbeit. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit beruhen auf einer Mischung von quantitativen (Fragebogen) und qualitativen (Interviews und eigene Beobachtung) Untersuchungsmethoden.
Die Hauptuntersuchungsmethode war ein bereits vorhandener Fragebogen, dessen inhaltliche Gliederung ergĂ€nzt, prĂ€zisiert und weiter entwickelt wurde fĂŒr die Anwendungsgebiete im Sudan. Die Grundlage war die Befragung von 787zufĂ€llig ausgewĂ€hlten LehrkrĂ€ften aus sieben privaten sowie sieben staatlichen UniversitĂ€ten. Von den 787 ausgegebenen Fragebögen konnten 527 (67%) ausgewertet werden. Diese Auswertung erfolgte mittels SPSS, Smart PLS. Dazu wurde zusĂ€tzlich eine qualitative analyse genutzt. So wurden deskriptive, explorative und enthaltene Analysen vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Die Ergebnisse der Analyse der Situationen und Variationen liefern wichtige Informationen ĂŒber SMs 'FĂ€higkeiten, Erfahrung und Dauer der IKT-Nutzung. Dabei konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass eine IKT-Nutzung unter den Befragten LehrkrĂ€ften zwar generell weit verbreitet ist, in Lehrkontexten jedoch erkennbar seltener Anwendung findet.
FĂŒr eine IKT-Nutzung wesentliche GrĂŒnde stellen die intrinsische Motivation eine Person sowie soziale, kulturelle und organisatorische Normen dar. Als Hemmnisse eine IKT-Nutzung werden nicht nur organisatorische und administrative MĂ€ngel und SchwĂ€chen, sondern auch individuelle EinflĂŒsse bennant. Die Nutzung von IKT fĂŒr die Lehre und die Dauer ihrer Verwendung konnte dargestellt werden als einige erheblich variierte demographische und persönliche Eigenschaften Zur Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren auf die Lehrpersonal Akzeptanz und die Nutzung von IKT wurden ein konzeptioneller Rahmen und relevante Instrumente der Datensammlungen auf der Basis des Technologieakzeptanz Modells (TAM), unterstĂŒtzt von anderen Modellen, entwickelt.
Die Analyse von Strukturgleichungsmodellen (SEM) via Smart-PLS bestĂ€tigen die ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit und GĂŒltigkeit der Messmodelle. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse der Strukturmodelle zeigen, dass neun von dreizehn Hypothesen geprĂŒft und bestĂ€tigt wurden. Im Rahmen der Studie bewiesen die Ergebnisse die Anwendbarkeit und GĂŒltigkeit der TAM in der Vorhersage SMs Akzeptanz und Nutzung von IKT. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Lehrpersonal Akzeptanz von IKT vor allem von PU und Benutzerfreundlichkeit (PEU) beeinflusst und bestimmt werden.
Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Situationsfaktoren (SFs) dominanten Einfluss auf die Nutzung von IKT SMs haben Dagegen wurden EinschrĂ€nkungen (COs) gefunden, um negative nicht signifikante Wirkungen zu haben. Die Erleichterungs-Faktoren (FF) haben jedoch positive dominant signifikante Wirkungen. Bei der Nutzung und Akzeptanz von IKT wurde auĂerdem festgestellt, dass sie direkt und indirekt von sozialen Faktoren (SIP) und kulturellen Faktoren (CUFs) beeinflusst werden. Die Tests mit Hilfe der Multigruppenanalyse(MGA) zeigen, dass die Kultur mĂ€Ăigende Wirkung auf SMs IKT Akzeptanz und Nutzung hat.
Die Ergebnisse wurden weiter unterstĂŒtzt und ergĂ€nzt durch Informationen aus eingehenden Interviews und Beobachtungen. Bei der abschlieĂenden Diskussion wurde festgestellt, dass einige Ergebnisse in der einschlĂ€gigen Literatur nicht unterstĂŒtzt werden. Die Diskussion schlussfolgert zu den entwickelten Modellen von IKT, dass sie die positiven signifikanten (direkten und mĂ€Ăigenden) Beziehungen von reflektierenden Faktoren enthalten, die die IKT Nutzung und Akzeptanz durch das Lehrpersonal in KSUs beeinflussen. Die Studie impliziert: BeitrĂ€ge zu Wissen, Theorie und Praxis wurden weiter diskutiert, gefolgt von Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen
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