Automatic Generation Control System: The Impact of Battery Energy Storage in Multi Area Network

Renewable energy sources (RES) are currently experiencing significant expansion, and the integration of these sources into power systems necessitates more complex auxiliary facilities. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) have been widely recognized in recent literature as an effective means of enhancing control capabilities. This study focuses on the implementation of an Automatic Generation Control (AGC) system with the integration of BESS in a multi-area network. Maintaining system frequency, especially during peak loads, poses challenges for AGC systems. The objective of this study is to investigate the utilization of BESS to enhance AGC for frequency control in power system networks. Additionally, the effectiveness of BESS in improving frequency control in multi-area networks is demonstrated through several case studies. The AGC and BESS simulations were conducted using MATLAB Simulink to evaluate the proposed frequency control method's effectiveness. &nbsp

Automatic Generation Control System: The Impact of Battery Energy Storage in Multi Area Network

Renewable energy sources (RES) are currently experiencing significant expansion, and the integration of these sources into power systems necessitates more complex auxiliary facilities. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) have been widely recognized in recent literature as an effective means of enhancing control capabilities. This study focuses on the implementation of an Automatic Generation Control (AGC) system with the integration of BESS in a multi-area network. Maintaining system frequency, especially during peak loads, poses challenges for AGC systems. The objective of this study is to investigate the utilization of BESS to enhance AGC for frequency control in power system networks. Additionally, the effectiveness of BESS in improving frequency control in multi-area networks is demonstrated through several case studies. The AGC and BESS simulations were conducted using MATLAB Simulink to evaluate the proposed frequency control method's effectiveness. &nbsp

Dynamic Modelling and Performance Analysis of Energy Storage Systems for Frequency Regulation in Bulk Power Systems

Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) provide a feasible alternative to supply electrical loads without the unfavorable environmental impacts of fossil fuels. However, despite the significant environmental benefits of RESs, several operational challenges associated with their high levels of penetration in power systems need to be addressed. Extensive research has shown that Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) facilitate increased penetration levels of RESs by providing flexibility to the system, especially considering the technical maturity and decreasing cost of these technologies; hence, penetration of ESS, such as batteries and flywheels is likely to grow significantly in the coming years. Indeed, services that have been traditionally procured from synchronous generators such as Frequency Regulation (FR) are already being provided by ESSs. However, appropriate frequency control must be considered to take advantage of the fast response capability of ESS facilities, while coordinating their response with the bulk conventional generators currently used for FR. Some characteristics of the bulk power grids, regulation signals, and the State of Charge (SoC) management of the ESSs need be considered for the design of proper FR controls. In this thesis, a FR model is proposed of a large interconnected power system including ESSs such as Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) and Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESSs), considering all relevant stages in the frequency control process. The model, which considers Communication Delays (CDs) in the transmission of signals in the FR control loop, is developed from the viewpoint of an Independent System Operator (ISO), using the Ontario Power System (OPS) as case study. To this effect, empirically-based and generic SoC models for FESS and BESS considering the charging and discharging process characteristics are proposed. The system, ESSs, and SoC components are modelled in detail from a FR perspective and validated using real system and ESSs data, and a practical transient stability model of the North American Eastern Interconnection (NAEI) in Dynamic Security Assessment Tools (DSATools™) platform. The proposed model is validated with and considers all main stages of the FR control process, including CDs and the SoC management model of the ESS facilities, ensuring a realistic closed-loop response. Simulation studies show that the proposed model accurately represents the FR process of a large interconnected power system including ESSs, and can be used for accurate FR studies. The impact of CDs and SoC management of ESS facilities on the Area Control Error (ACE), and the computational efficiency of the proposed FR model are studied and discussed. A novel H2 filter design is proposed to optimally split the FR signal between conventional and fast regulating ESS assets, considering typical CDs. The design approach includes filtering the FR signal by producing a slowly-varying component or Traditional Regulation Signal (RegA) to be provided to the slow regulating resources (i.e., Traditional Generators (TGs)), while the remaining fast component or Dynamic Regulation Signal (RegD) is provided to the fast response ESS facilities (FESS and BESS) to take advantage of their fast response characteristics. The design of the H2 filter is formulated as an optimal control design problem, and the proposed filter is integrated into the previously validated FR model with ESSs to form an Integrated Model, which includes a Proposed Set-Point (PSP) calculation and an anti-windup strategy. The PSP allows FR capacity from ESSs to be comparable to TGs FR capacity while keeping the system stable, which is not the case in the current FR process for the OPS. The proposed anti-windup strategy is added to avoid saturation when both TGs and ESSs reach their limits, or TGs reach their limits while the ESS facilities are not able to follow the PSP signals because of their SoC limits. Thus, the proposed filter sends RegA and RegD signals considering the SoC of fast response resources and capacity limits of ESSs and TGs, and depend on the conditions of the system, working in a coordinated manner. The FR performance with the H2 filter signals, RegA and RegD, is also compared with the existing FR process in the OPS, focusing on studying the impact of CDs and limited regulation capacity, and the effect of the PSP calculation and anti-windup strategy. The results show that the H2 filter design and signal splitting strategy improves the FR process performance significantly, in terms of reducing the ACE, and thus reduce the need for regulation capacity. Finally, a detailed methodology is developed to obtain Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution (MRTS) curves for the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO). The IESO’s MRTS curves consider different ESSs and discharging times (i.e., 15 min for FESS, and 15 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 4h for BESS), scenarios (i.e., peak hours, non-peak hours, morning ramp hours, and evening ramp hours), and seasons. The criteria agreed upon with the IESO for the generation of heat maps and MRTS is also presented. Furthermore, the procedure to select the representative typical days per season to be used in the generation of the MRTS curves is explained in detail, and an example of how to interpret one of the MRTS curves is explained. Heat maps and MRTS curves are proposed as analysis tools to allow ISOs to select the desired performance metric, and the combination of RegA and RegD resources that would allow to achieve it while still reducing the total regulation capacity. Although this methodology is applied to the IESO, it could be applied to other ISOs with appropriate modifications

Enhanced load frequency control : incorporating locational information for temporal enhancement

With the increasing penetration of renewables in power systems, frequency regulation is proving to be a major challenge for system operators using slower conventional generation, and alternative means to provide faster regulation are being actively sought. The participation of demand side management in ancillary service provision is proven in some energy markets, yet its full potential to benefit frequency regulation, including the exploitation of fast power ramping capability of some devices, is still undergoing research. In this study, a novel approach to improve the speed of response of load frequency control, a secondary frequency control approach is proposed. The proposed control is enabled by an effective location identification technique, is highly resilient to anticipated system changes such as reduction of inertia, and enables fully decentralised power system architectures. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated and compared to that of present day regulation control, by means of real-time simulations incorporating appropriate time delays conducted on a five-area reduced model of the Great Britain power system. The applicability of the method is further proven under realistic communications delays and measurements experimentally using a controller and power hardware-in-the-loop setup, demonstrating its critical support for enabling the stable operation of future power systems

Strategies for continuous balancing in future power systems with high wind and solar shares

The use of wind power has grown strongly in recent years and is expected to continue to increase in the coming decades. Solar power is also expected to increase significantly. In a power system, a continuous balance is maintained between total production and demand. This balancing is currently mainly managed with conventional power plants, but with larger amounts of wind and solar power, other sources will also be needed. Interesting possibilities include continuous control of wind and solar power, battery storage, electric vehicles, hydrogen production, and other demand resources with flexibility potential. The aim of this article is to describe and compare the different challenges and future possibilities in six systems concerning how to keep a continuous balance in the future with significantly larger amounts of variable renewable power production. A realistic understanding of how these systems plan to handle continuous balancing is central to effectively develop a carbon-dioxide-free electricity system of the future. The systems included in the overview are the Nordic synchronous area, the island of Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, Texas (ERCOT), the central European system, and Great Britain

Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems

The electrical power system is undergoing a revolution enabled by advances in telecommunications, computer hardware and software, measurement, metering systems, IoT, and power electronics. Furthermore, the increasing integration of intermittent renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, and electric vehicles and the drive for energy efficiency have pushed power systems to modernise and adopt new technologies. The resulting smart grid is characterised, in part, by a bi-directional flow of energy and information. The evolution of the power grid, as well as its interconnection with energy storage systems and renewable energy sources, has created new opportunities for optimising not only their techno-economic aspects at the planning stages but also their control and operation. However, new challenges emerge in the optimization of these systems due to their complexity and nonlinear dynamic behaviour as well as the uncertainties involved.This volume is a selection of 20 papers carefully made by the editors from the MDPI topic “Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems”, which was closed in April 2022. The selected papers address the above challenges and exemplify the significant benefits that optimisation and nonlinear control techniques can bring to modern power and energy systems

Federal Regulatory Barriers to Grid-Deployed Energy Storage

Until recently, the most advanced form of grid-deployed energy storage involved pumping water up a hill. But “newer storage technologies like flywheels and chemical batteries have recently achieved technological maturity and are well into successful pilot stages and, in some cases, commercial operation”. If widely adopted these new energy storage technologies will fundamentally alter the operation of our electricity syste

Control of Energy Storage

Energy storage can provide numerous beneficial services and cost savings within the electricity grid, especially when facing future challenges like renewable and electric vehicle (EV) integration. Public bodies, private companies and individuals are deploying storage facilities for several purposes, including arbitrage, grid support, renewable generation, and demand-side management. Storage deployment can therefore yield benefits like reduced frequency fluctuation, better asset utilisation and more predictable power profiles. Such uses of energy storage can reduce the cost of energy, reduce the strain on the grid, reduce the environmental impact of energy use, and prepare the network for future challenges. This Special Issue of Energies explore the latest developments in the control of energy storage in support of the wider energy network, and focus on the control of storage rather than the storage technology itself

Modeling, Simulation and Control of Wind Diesel Power Systems

Wind diesel power systems (WDPSs) are isolated microgrids that combine diesel generators (DGs) with wind turbine generators (WTGs). Often, WDPS are the result of adding WTGs to a previous existing diesel power plant located in a remote place where there is an available wind resource. By means of power supplied by WTGs, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are reduced. WDPSs are isolated power systems with low inertia where important system frequency and voltage variations occur. WDPS dynamic modeling and simulation allows short-term simulations to be carried out to obtain detailed electrical variable transients so that WDPS stability and power quality can be tested. This book includes papers on several subjects regarding WDPSs: the main topic of interest is WDPS dynamic modeling and simulation, but related areas such as the sizing of the different WDPS components, studies concerning the control of WDPSs or the use of energy storage systems (ESSs) in WDPSs and the benefits that ESSs provide to WDPS are also discussed. The book also deals with related AC isolated microgrids, such as wind-hydro microgrids or wind-photovoltaic-diesel microgrids

Optimal Control of Hybrid Systems and Renewable Energies

This book is a collection of papers covering various aspects of the optimal control of power and energy production from renewable resources (wind, PV, biomass, hydrogen, etc.). In particular, attention is focused both on the optimal control of new technologies and on their integration in buildings, microgrids, and energy markets. The examples presented in this book are among the most promising technologies for satisfying an increasing share of thermal and electrical demands with renewable sources: from solar cooling plants to offshore wind generation; hybrid plants, combining traditional and renewable sources, are also considered, as well as traditional and innovative storage systems. Innovative solutions for transportation systems are also explored for both railway infrastructures and advanced light rail vehicles. The optimization and control of new solutions for the power network are addressed in detail: specifically, special attention is paid to microgrids as new paradigms for distribution networks, but also in other applications (e.g., shipboards). Finally, optimization and simulation models within SCADA and energy management systems are considered. This book is intended for engineers, researchers, and practitioners that work in the field of energy, smart grid, renewable resources, and their optimization and control