587 research outputs found
A review on economic and technical operation of active distribution systems
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd Along with the advent of restructuring in power systems, considerable integration of renewable energy resources has motivated the transition of traditional distribution networks (DNs) toward new active ones. In the meanwhile, rapid technology advances have provided great potentials for future bulk utilization of generation units as well as the energy storage (ES) systems in the distribution section. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the operation of active distribution systems (ADSs) from the viewpoint of operational time-hierarchy. To be more specific, this time-hierarchy consists of two stages, and at the first stage of this time-hierarchy, four major economic factors, by which the operation of traditional passive DNs is evolved to new active DNs, are described. Then the second stage of the time-hierarchy refers to technical management and power quality correction of ADSs in terms of static, dynamic and transient periods. In the end, some required modeling and control developments for the optimal operation of ADSs are discussed. As opposed to previous review papers, potential applications of devices in the ADS are investigated considering their operational time-intervals. Since some of the compensating devices, storage units and generating sources may have different applications regarding the time scale of their utilization, this paper considers real scenario system operations in which components of the network are firstly scheduled for the specified period ahead; then their deviations of operating status from reference points are modified during three time-intervals covering static, dynamic and transient periods
Self-organising smart grid architectures for cyber-security
PhD ThesisCurrent conventional power systems consist of large-scale centralised generation and unidirectional power flow from generation to demand. This vision for power system design is being challenged by the need to satisfy the energy trilemma, as the system is required to be sustainable, available and secure. Emerging technologies are restructuring the power system; the addition of distributed generation, energy storage and active participation of customers are changing the roles and requirements of the distribution network. Increased controllability and monitoring requirements combined with an increase in controllable technologies has played a pivotal role in the transition towards smart grids. The smart grid concept features a large amount of sensing and monitoring equipment sharing large volumes of information. This increased reliance on the ICT infrastructure, raises the importance of cyber-security due to the number of vulnerabilities which can be exploited by an adversary.
The aim of this research was to address the issue of cyber-security within a smart grid context through the application of self-organising communication architectures. The work examined the relevance and potential for self-organisation when performing voltage control in the presence of a denial of service attack event. The devised self-organising architecture used techniques adapted from a range of research domains including underwater sensor networks, wireless communications and smart-vehicle tracking applications. These components were redesigned for a smart grid application and supported by the development of a fuzzy based decision making engine. A multi-agent system was selected as the source platform for delivering the self-organising architecture
The application of self-organisation for cyber-security within a smart grid context is a novel research area and one which presents a wide range of potential benefits for a future power system. The results indicated that the developed self-organising architecture was able to avoid control deterioration during an attack event involving up to 24% of the customer population. Furthermore, the system also reduces the communication load on the agents involved in the architecture and demonstrated wider reaching benefits beyond performing voltage control
Flexible Transmission: A Comprehensive Review of Concepts, Technologies, and Market
As global concerns regarding climate change are increasing worldwide, the
transition towards clean energy sources has accelerated. Accounting for a large
share of energy consumption, the electricity sector is experiencing a
significant shift towards renewable energy sources. To accommodate this rapid
shift, the transmission system requires major upgrades. Although enhancing grid
capacity through transmission system expansion is always a solution, this
solution is very costly and requires a protracted permitting process. The
concept of flexible transmission encompasses a broad range of technologies and
market tools that enable effective reconfiguration and manipulation of the
power grid for leveraged dispatch of renewable energy resources. The
proliferation of such technologies allows for enhanced transfer capability over
the current transmission network, thus reducing the need for grid expansion
projects. This paper comprehensively reviews flexible transmission technologies
and their role in achieving a net-zero carbon emission grid vision. Flexible
transmission definitions from different viewpoints are discussed, and
mathematical measures to quantify grid flexibility are reviewed. An extensive
range of technologies enhancing flexibility across the grid is introduced and
explored in detail. The environmental impacts of flexible transmission,
including renewable energy utilization and carbon emission reduction, are
presented. Finally, market models required for creating proper incentives for
the deployment of flexible transmission and regulatory barriers and challenges
are discussed
Scenarios for the development of smart grids in the UK: synthesis report
‘Smart grid’ is a catch-all term for the smart options that could transform the ways society produces, delivers and consumes energy, and potentially the way we conceive of these services. Delivering energy more intelligently will be fundamental to decarbonising the UK electricity system at least possible cost, while maintaining security and reliability of supply.
Smarter energy delivery is expected to allow the integration of more low carbon technologies and to be much more cost effective than traditional methods, as well as contributing to economic growth by opening up new business and innovation opportunities. Innovating new options for energy system management could lead to cost savings of up to £10bn, even if low carbon technologies do not emerge. This saving will be much higher if UK renewable energy targets are achieved.
Building on extensive expert feedback and input, this report describes four smart grid scenarios which consider how the UK’s electricity system might develop to 2050. The scenarios outline how political decisions, as well as those made in regulation, finance, technology, consumer and social behaviour, market design or response, might affect the decisions of other actors and limit or allow the availability of future options. The project aims to explore the degree of uncertainty around the current direction of the electricity system and the complex interactions of a whole host of factors that may lead to any one of a wide range of outcomes. Our addition to this discussion will help decision makers to understand the implications of possible actions and better plan for the future, whilst recognising that it may take any one of a number of forms
Comparative analysis of services from soft open points using cost–benefit analysis
Soft Open Points (SOPs) are power electronic-based devices which can replace Normally Open Points (NOPs) in distribution networks. They can improve network performance by enabling controllable power transfer between adjacent feeders. This flexible meshing can provide a wide range of services, including loss reduction, reduced renewables curtailment, improved reliability, reinforcement deferral, or enabling flexibility services. This paper proposes a novel framework, based on the Cost–Benefit Analysis methodology, to quantify and compare the cost-effectiveness of SOPs for providing each of these five value streams. The framework includes the development of mathematical models that encapsulate the key variables that drive competitive SOP use cases, as well as providing detailed analysis to determine quantitative estimates for each of the parameters. Results suggest that, whilst all services could be cost-effective, that reinforcement deferral and reduced DG curtailment are most likely to find wide usage. It is also suggested that the fast response time of SOPs as compared to conventional NOPs is unlikely to be a viable value proposition for improving reliability via conventional loss of load metrics such as energy not supplied. A detailed case study demonstrates that in marginal cases, where a SOP has a similar system net benefit compared to Business-as-Usual, that all services need to be considered rather than just single value streams in isolation. It is concluded from the research that there are multiple potential competitive applications for SOPs in future distribution networks.</p
Decentralized operation and control of integrated transactive and physical grids
The objective of this research is to develop a decentralized grid architecture to manage the physical and transactive aspects of power systems. With exponentially decreasing prices of PV the adoption of volatile and non-dispatchable sources into the grid has increased. This has two key impacts. Physical phenomenon like congestion of power flow corridors and voltage volatility become more prevalent. Similarly, with increasing prosumers, a multi-agent system is created, with each asset owner wanting to transact power. Existing transactive and physical control solutions are centralized, rely on low-latency communications, often require detailed knowledge of network topologies and are often highly coupled. The proposed research showcases fast localized grid control solutions in the form of hybrid transformers to manage physical phenomenon like congestion and voltage volatility. Furthermore, a decentralized, communication-free and topology-agnostic real-time pricing mechanism is proposed to enable collective stabilization even under wide variations in available generation. Thus, an architecture is presented where the transactive and physical grid constraints are handled in a decoupled fashion while being integrated through the physics of the network.Ph.D
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