Near-capacity fixed-rate and rateless channel code constructions

Fixed-rate and rateless channel code constructions are designed for satisfying conflicting design tradeoffs, leading to codes that benefit from practical implementations, whilst offering a good bit error ratio (BER) and block error ratio (BLER) performance. More explicitly, two novel low-density parity-check code (LDPC) constructions are proposed; the first construction constitutes a family of quasi-cyclic protograph LDPC codes, which has a Vandermonde-like parity-check matrix (PCM). The second construction constitutes a specific class of protograph LDPC codes, which are termed as multilevel structured (MLS) LDPC codes. These codes possess a PCM construction that allows the coexistence of both pseudo-randomness as well as a structure requiring a reduced memory. More importantly, it is also demonstrated that these benefits accrue without any compromise in the attainable BER/BLER performance. We also present the novel concept of separating multiple users by means of user-specific channel codes, which is referred to as channel code division multiple access (CCDMA), and provide an example based on MLS LDPC codes. In particular, we circumvent the difficulty of having potentially high memory requirements, while ensuring that each user’s bits in the CCDMA system are equally protected. With regards to rateless channel coding, we propose a novel family of codes, which we refer to as reconfigurable rateless codes, that are capable of not only varying their code-rate but also to adaptively modify their encoding/decoding strategy according to the near-instantaneous channel conditions. We demonstrate that the proposed reconfigurable rateless codes are capable of shaping their own degree distribution according to the nearinstantaneous requirements imposed by the channel, but without any explicit channel knowledge at the transmitter. Additionally, a generalised transmit preprocessing aided closed-loop downlink multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is presented, in which both the channel coding components as well as the linear transmit precoder exploit the knowledge of the channel state information (CSI). More explicitly, we embed a rateless code in a MIMO transmit preprocessing scheme, in order to attain near-capacity performance across a wide range of channel signal-to-ratios (SNRs), rather than only at a specific SNR. The performance of our scheme is further enhanced with the aid of a technique, referred to as pilot symbol assisted rateless (PSAR) coding, whereby a predetermined fraction of pilot bits is appropriately interspersed with the original information bits at the channel coding stage, instead of multiplexing pilots at the modulation stage, as in classic pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM). We subsequently demonstrate that the PSAR code-aided transmit preprocessing scheme succeeds in gleaning more information from the inserted pilots than the classic PSAM technique, because the pilot bits are not only useful for sounding the channel at the receiver but also beneficial for significantly reducing the computational complexity of the rateless channel decoder

FREE SPACE OPTICS LINKS AFFECTED BY OPTICAL TURBULENCE: CHANNEL MODELING, MEASUREMENTS AND CODING TECHNIQUES FOR ERROR MITIGATION

FSO is an optical wireless line-of-sight communication system able to offer good broadband performance, electromagnetic interference immunity, high security, license-free operation, low power consumption, ease of relocation, and straightforward installation. It represents a modern technology, significantly functional when it is impossible, expensive or complex to use physical connections or radio links. Unfortunately, since the transmission medium in a terrestrial FSO link is the air, these communications are strongly dependent on various atmospheric phenomena (e.g., rain, snow, optical turbulence and, especially, fog) that can cause losses and fading. Therefore, in worst-case conditions, it could be necessary to increase the optical transmission power, although, at the same time, it is needed to comply to safety regulations. The effects of the already mentioned impairments are: scattering (i.e., Rayleigh and Mie) losses, absorption and scintillation. The first two can be described by proper attenuation coefficients and increase if the atmospheric conditions get worst. As regards scintillation, it is a random phenomenon, appreciable even under clear sky. Because of scintillation, in FSO links, the irradiance fluctuates and could drop below a threshold under which the receiver is not able to detect the useful signal. In this case, communications suffer from erasure errors, which cause link outages. This phenomenon becomes relevant at high distance, but it can also be observed in 500m-long FSO links. Moreover, the optical turbulence intensity can change of an order of magnitude during the day: it reaches its maximum around midday (when the temperature is the highest) and, conversely, it is lower during the night. In order to reduce or eliminate these impairments, different methods (both hardware and software) were studied and reported in literature. Hardware solutions focus on aperture averaging effects to reduce irradiance fluctuations, in particular by using a bigger detector or multi-detector systems. On the other hand, software techniques mostly focus on transmission codes. Rateless codes are an innovative solution, suitable for channels affected by erasure or burst errors. They add a redundant coding (also settable on the fly) to the source data, allowing the receiver to successfully recover the whole payload that, otherwise, would be corrupted or partially lost. To test rateless codes, recovery capabilities in FSO channels, detailed information about the occurring signal fading are needed: in particular, its depth, temporal duration and statistics. For this reason, I have implemented a time-correlated channel model able to generate an irradiance time-series at the receiver side, at wide range of turbulence conditions (from weak to strong). The time-series represents a prediction of temporal irradiance fluctuations caused by scintillation. In this way, I was able to test the recovery capabilities of several types of rateless codes. I have performed measurement campaigns in order to characterize Free Space Optics links affected by the optical turbulence. In particular, I have used three different setups placed in the Laboratory of Optics of the University of Palermo and in the Optical Communication Laboratory of the Northumbria University. Thanks to an in-depth post-processing of the collected data, I was able to extract useful information about the FSO link quality and the turbulence strength, thus proving the effectiveness of the Gamma-Gamma model under several turbulence conditions. In Chapter 1, I will introduce the theory of optical wireless communications and, in particular, of Free Space Optics communications. In detail, I will describe the advantages and the impairments that characterize this kind of communication and discuss about its applications. In Chapter 2, the adopted channel models are presented. In particular, these models are able to predict irradiance fluctuations at the detector in Free Space Optics links and were designed for terrestrial and space-to-ground communications at different link specifications, turbulence conditions and temporal covariance. Firstly, a brief description of the employed irradiance distribution and of the irradiance covariance functions is presented. The details of the above mentioned channel model implementation and the performance are then described. Finally, in order to detail the channel model features, several examples of irradiance fluctuation predictions are depicted. In Chapter 3, the details of a measurement campaign, focused on the analysis of optical turbulence effects in a FSO link, will be treated. Three different measurement setups composed of different typologies of laser sources, detectors and turbulent channels will be described. Data post-processing will be discussed. Moreover, a performance evaluation of the terrestrial channel model described in Chapter 2 will be discussed. In Chapter 4, rateless codes will be presented. These codes introduce a redundancy by means of repair symbols, associated to the source data, and, in case of losses, they are able to recover the source data without any need for retransmission. They can also manage large amounts of data and offer very interesting features for erasure channels and multicast/broadcast applications. Three different classes of rateless codes will be described and, in particular: Luby Transform, Raptor and RaptorQ codes. Moreover, the performance of the rateless codes in Free Space Optics links will be investigated. The implemented simulators are based on the channel models presented in Chapter 2 and focus on the study of rateless codes recovery capabilities when erasure errors due to fadings occur. The results on the performance of three rateless codes typologies, in two different FSO links, will be illustrated. All the research work was supported by the European Space Agency (grant no. 5401001020). Experimental activities were performed in collaboration with the Optical Communications Research Group of the Northumbria University and within the COST IC1101 European Action

Fountain Codes under Maximum Likelihood Decoding

This dissertation focuses on fountain codes under maximum likelihood (ML) decoding. First LT codes are considered under a practical and widely used ML decoding algorithm known as inactivation decoding. Different analysis techniques are presented to characterize the decoding complexity. Next an upper bound to the probability of decoding failure of Raptor codes under ML decoding is provided. Then, the distance properties of an ensemble of fixed-rate Raptor codes with linear random outer codes are analyzed. Finally, a novel class of fountain codes is presented, which consists of a parallel concatenation of a block code with a linear random fountain code.Comment: PhD Thesi

High Speed S-band Communications System for Nanosatellites

3Cat-3 is a nanosatellite based on the 6 unit cubesat standard. Its payload is an optical multispectral imager that imposes stringent downlink requirements for a nanosatellite. This TFG is based on the experience gained in 3Cat-1 and 3Cat-2 communications systems to develop a "high speed" (goal >= 5 Mbps) downlink for nanosatellites based on the TI CC3200.In order to accomplish the objectives of the next generation of nanosatellites high-speed downlinks have to be designed. This goal faces stringent design constraints as nanosatellites are limit in power, processing capabilities and dimensions. In the quest for higher bit rates the widely used VHF band has to be replaced for higher frequency bands and the link budged margin tightened, decreasing the SNR at reception. The proposed solution uses COTS 2.4 GHz WiFi adapters as transceivers. Range limitations imposed by the default 802.11 mode of operation are bypassed by using packet forging and injection at transmission jointly with monitor mode at reception. A loss-resilient unidirectional downlink is achieved by using application-layer encoding by means of LPDC-Staircase codes. This solution has been already implemented in 3CAT-2, a 6 unit cubesat GNSS-R mission to be launched in July 2016. In addition, bursts of errors are combated by using Reed-Solomon. The system has been tested under Doppler shift and scintillation effects, and a 188Km link between Barcelona and Mallorca has been performed, showing satisfactory results