Treść, charakter prawny oraz kontrola legalności rozporządzeń dotyczących stanów nadzwyczajnych w świetle Konstytucji RP

The objective of the article is to: identify all kinds of regulations related to extraordinary measures (that is legal acts that affect the validity and content of particular extraordinary measures); to reconstruct the elements of their content and define their legal nature, along with the means of supervising their lawfulness. In the article four types of such regulations will be distinguished: regulations introducing extraordinary measures, regulations which extend and terminate them, as well as regulations that amend the regulation introducing extraordinary measures. Their content and legal character are varied. The most complex is the regulation introducing extraordinary measures, since it is both an individual and normative act. The author concludes that the analysed regulations are subject to the review of the Constitutional Tribunal. In the remaining scope, the possibility of their supervision by the judiciary is limited; however, it is possible to question them incidentally before the courts and the State Tribunal. The reflections lead to the formulation of a positive assessment of the constitutional provisions related to the issue under analysis.Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie wszystkich rodzajów rozporządzeń dotyczących stanów nadzwyczajnych (tj. aktów prawnych wpływających na obowiązywanie konkretnego stanu nadzwyczajnego oraz jego treść), zrekonstruowanie ich elementów treściowych oraz określenie ich charakteru prawnego wraz z wynikającymi z tego skutkami dla możliwości kontroli ich legalności. W artykule wyróżniono cztery rodzaje takich rozporządzeń: wprowadzające stan nadzwyczajny; przedłużające go oraz znoszące go, a także nowelizujące akt wprowadzający stan nadzwyczajny. Ich treść, jak i charakter prawny są zróżnicowane. Najbardziej złożone jest rozporządzenie wprowadzające stan nadzwyczajny, gdyż posiada ono zarówno cechy aktu indywidualnego, jak i normatywnego. Autor stwierdza, że analizowane rozporządzenia, w zakresie, w jakim są aktami normatywnymi, podlegają kontroli Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. W pozostałym zakresie możliwość ich kontroli przez władzę sądowniczą jest ograniczona, aczkolwiek jest możliwe ich incydentalne kwestionowanie przed sądami i Trybunałem Stanu. Poczynione refleksje prowadzą także do sformułowania pozytywnej oceny regulacji konstytucyjnych odnoszących się do badanego zagadnienia

Qualifications and Credit Framework (QCF) implementation: policy update issue 5

"This Qualifications and Credit Framework (QCF) Policy Update is the fifth in a series of regular communications from the Skills Funding Agency (the Agency). The QCF is a part of the Vocational Qualification Reform (VQR) Programme... This update highlights key areas of work and progress with regard to implementation of the QCF so far, including any appropriate aspects of wider Vocational Qualification (VQ) Reform. This update focuses in particular on areas that will be impacted in the delivery year 2010/11." - Page 2

ISML: an interface specification meta-language

In this paper we present an abstract metaphor model situated within a model-based user interface framework. The inclusion of metaphors in graphical user interfaces is a well established, but mostly craft-based strategy to design. A substantial body of notations and tools can be found within the model-based user interface design literature, however an explicit treatment of metaphor and its mappings to other design views has yet to be addressed. We introduce the Interface Specification Meta-Language (ISML) framework and demonstrate its use in comparing the semantic and syntactic features of an interactive system. Challenges facing this research are outlined and further work proposed

Intergenerational justice of what: welfare, resources or capabilities?

An important aspect of intergenerational justice concerns the specification of a 'currency of advantage' that can be used to evaluate distributive outcomes across time. Environmental theorists have introduced several innovative currencies of justice in recent years, such as ecological space and critical natural capital. However they have often downplayed the application of established currencies (such as welfare, resources or capabilities) to issues of futurity. After exploring the merits of a number of rival currencies, it is argued that the currency of 'capabilities to function' provides a promising basis for a theory of justice that takes seriously the rights and duties of intergenerational justice

Modelling sustainable human development in a capability perspective

In this paper we model sustainable human development as intended in Sen's capability approach in a system dynamic framework. Our purpose is to verify the variations over time of some achieved functionings, due to structural dynamics and to variations of the institutional setting and instrumental freedoms (IF Vortex). The model is composed of two sections. The 'Left Side' one points out the 'demand' for functionings in an ideal world situation. The real world one, on the 'Right Side' indicates the 'supply' of functionings that the socio-economic system is able to provide individuals with. The general model, specifically tailored for Italy, can be simulated over desired time horizons: for each time period, we carry out a comparison between ideal world and real world functionings. On the basis of their distances, the model simulates some responses of decision makers. These responses, in turn influenced by institutions and instrumental freedoms, ultimately affect the dynamics of real world functionings, i.e. of sustainable human development.Functionings, Capabilities, Institutions, Instrumental Freedoms, Sustainable Human Development

An Analysis of the Consequences of the General Data Protection Regulation on Social Network Research

This article examines the principles outlined in the General Data Protection Regulation in the context of social network data. We provide both a practical guide to General Data Protection Regulation--compliant social network data processing, covering aspects such as data collection, consent, anonymization, and data analysis, and a broader discussion of the problems emerging when the general principles on which the regulation is based are instantiated for this research area

Consolidation in banking and financial stability in Europe: empirical evidence

Using aggregate balance sheet data from banks across the EU-25 over the period from 1997 to 2005 this paper provides empirical evidence that national banking market concentration has a negative impact on European banks' financial soundness as measured by the Z-score technique while controlling for macroeconomic, bank-specific, regulatory, and institutional factors. Furthermore, we find that Eastern European banking markets exhibiting a lower level of competitive pressure, fewer diversification opportunities and a higher fraction of government-owned banks are more prone to financial fragility whereas capital regulations have supported financial stability across the entire European Union. --Market structure,Financial stability,Banking regulation