Robust spatial memory maps encoded in networks with transient connections

The spiking activity of principal cells in mammalian hippocampus encodes an internalized neuronal representation of the ambient space---a cognitive map. Once learned, such a map enables the animal to navigate a given environment for a long period. However, the neuronal substrate that produces this map remains transient: the synaptic connections in the hippocampus and in the downstream neuronal networks never cease to form and to deteriorate at a rapid rate. How can the brain maintain a robust, reliable representation of space using a network that constantly changes its architecture? Here, we demonstrate, using novel Algebraic Topology techniques, that cognitive map's stability is a generic, emergent phenomenon. The model allows evaluating the effect produced by specific physiological parameters, e.g., the distribution of connections' decay times, on the properties of the cognitive map as a whole. It also points out that spatial memory deterioration caused by weakening or excessive loss of the synaptic connections may be compensated by simulating the neuronal activity. Lastly, the model explicates functional importance of the complementary learning systems for processing spatial information at different levels of spatiotemporal granularity, by establishing three complementary timescales at which spatial information unfolds. Thus, the model provides a principal insight into how can the brain develop a reliable representation of the world, learn and retain memories despite complex plasticity of the underlying networks and allows studying how instabilities and memory deterioration mechanisms may affect learning process.Comment: 24 pages, 10 figures, 4 supplementary figure

Enabling Single-Pilot Operations technological and operative scenarios: a state-of-the-art review with possible cues

Both financial and operational reasons have been given emphasis to the implementation of Single-Pilot Operations in commercial aviation. SPO will involve replacing the first officer with integrated cockpit assistants and support ground stations. This review aims to provide an overview of SPO through a classification of the specific areas of interest. Enabling SPO will require designers to re-modulate the human-automation interface according to the new allocation of functions in the flight deck. However, while technological issues are expected to be overcome in the next future, major attention should be paid on the human factor side