Evolutionary Game Theoretic Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms and Their Applications

Multi-objective optimization problems require more than one objective functions to be optimized simultaneously. They are widely applied in many science fields, including engineering, economics and logistics where optimal decisions need to be taken in the presence of trade-offs between two or more conicting objectives. Most of the real world multi-objective optimization problems are NP-Hard problems. It may be too computationally costly to find an exact solution but sometimes a near optimal solution is sufficient. In these cases, Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs) provide good approximate solutions to problems that cannot be solved easily using other techniques. However Evolutionary Algorithm is not stable due to its random nature, it may produce very different results every time it runs. This dissertation proposes an Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT) framework based algorithm (EGTMOA) that provides optimality and stability at the same time. EGTMOA combines the notion of stability from EGT and optimality from MOEA to form a novel and promising algorithm to solve multi-objective optimization problems. This dissertation studies three different multi-objective optimization applications, Cloud Virtual Machine Placement, Body Sensor Networks, and Multi-Hub Molecular Communication along with their proposed EGTMOA framework based algorithms. Experiment results show that EGTMOAs outperform many well known multi-objective evolutionary algorithms in stability, performance and runtime

A High-Throughput Screening Platform for In Vitro Elastic Fiber Production and the Mass Transport Properties of the Elastic Fiber Compromised Arterial Wall

Elastin comprises nearly 50% of the wall in large elastic arteries and has a broad variety of physiological roles. As a structural extracellular matrix protein, elastin is responsible for the reversible elasticity in large arties that dampens pulsatile flow and ultimately reduces the workload on the heart. Structural compromise to the elastic fiber network is apparent in the elastin genetic disorders, supravalvular aortic stenosis and autosomal dominant cutis laxa-1, and acquired elastin disorders including hypertension, atherosclerosis, artery calcification, aneurysms, diabetes, and obesity. All of these disorders lead to an increased incidence of cardiovascular related death and the compromised elastic fiber network plays an important role in the degeneration of cardiovascular function. Elastin also serves as an important biological signal in both the development of the arterial vasculature and the progression of several of the previously mentioned cardiovascular disorders. Elastin’s physiological role is often overlooked in strategies being developed to treat these cardiovascular disorders. The work of this thesis has focused on two areas in particular that elastic fibers have been underrepresented; the generation of elastic fibers in vitro and the importance elastic fiber network on determining the mass transport properties of the arterial wall. Tissue engineered arteries lack a proper elastic fiber network, in part because elastin content is difficult to quantify and because inducing elastic fiber formation in vitro is challenging. We developed a platform for measuring elastic fiber production in vitro. We used a competitive ELISA for desmosine, an amino acid unique to elastic fibers, to detect elastic fiber production. We made adjustments to the cell culture conditions of rat lung fibroblast cells to improve their output of elastic fibers. We used this platform to perform a high-throughput screen on a small molecule library to search for molecules that could induce elastic fiber production. We also used our platform to screen the effect of minodixil and diazoxide on elastic fiber production as these antihypertensive drugs have been shown by other researchers to induce elastin gene expression but their effect on mature elastic fiber production was undetermined. Drug delivery in pharmaceutical strategies for treating aneurysm formation, arterial stiffness, and atherosclerosis is a rapidly developing area. However, current models of mass transport in the arterial wall make numerous assumptions that either diminish the contribution of the elastic fiber network or ignore it completely and there is a lack of empirical investigation on the transport properties of the arterial wall. We hypothesized that the elastic fiber network serves to limit transport across the wall. We developed ex vivo methods for measuring transmural advective transport of solute and fluid in mouse carotid arteries at physiological pressure and axial stretch. We investigated the effect of disrupting the elastic fiber network on arterial wall transport using a genetic knockout of Fibulin-5 (Fbln5-/-) or treatment with elastase. Fibulin-5 is an important director of elastic fiber assembly. Arteries from Fbln5-/- mice have a loose, non-continuous elastic fiber network. The changes in transport properties of elastic fiber compromised arteries we observed have important implications for the kinetics of biomolecules and pharmaceuticals in arterial tissue following elastic fiber degradation due to aging or vascular disease

GSI Scientific Report 2009 [GSI Report 2010-1]

Displacement design response spectrum is an essential component for the currently-developing displacement-based seismic design and assessment procedures. This paper proposes a new and simple method for constructing displacement design response spectra on soft soil sites. The method takes into account modifications of the seismic waves by the soil layers, giving due considerations to factors such as the level of bedrock shaking, material non-linearity, seismic impedance contrast at the interface between soil and bedrock, and plasticity of the soil layers. The model is particularly suited to applications in regions with a paucity of recorded strong ground motion data, from which empirical models cannot be reliably developed