Impact of wavelength converters in wavelength routed all-optical networks

This paper attempts to study the impact of wavelength converters in WDM wavelength routed all-optical networks. A new heuristic approach for placement of wavelength converters to reduce blocking probabilities is explored. Multihop virtual topology is designed to minimize the number and overall cost of the converters. Blocking probabilities for Static Lightpath Establishment (SLE) and Dynamic Lightpath Establishment (DLE) are analyzed. In the case of SLE, arranging lightpaths in ascending order of their path length reduces blocking probability. Wavelength converters placed at nodes with high nodal degree further reduces the blocking probabilities. Simulation studies performed on 28-node USA long haul network, 20-node arbitrary mesh network, and 19-node EON (European Optical Network) validate the observations made earlier

Investigation on iterative multiuser detection physical layer network coding in two-way relay free-space optical links with turbulences and pointing errors

Physical layer network coding (PNC) improves the throughput in wireless networks by enabling two nodes to exchange information using a minimum number of time slots. The PNC technique is proposed for two-way relay channel free space optical (TWR-FSO) communications with the aim of maximizing the utilization of network resources. The multipair TWR-FSO is considered in this paper, where a single antenna on each pair seeks to communicate via a common receiver aperture at the relay. Therefore, chip interleaving is adopted as a technique to separate the different transmitted signals at the relay node to perform PNC mapping. Accordingly, this scheme relies on the iterative multiuser technique for detection of users at the receiver. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed system is examined under the combined influences of atmospheric loss, turbulence-induced channel fading, and pointing errors (PEs). By adopting the joint PNC mapping with interleaving and multiuser detection techniques, the BER results show that the proposed scheme can achieve a significant performance improvement against the degrading effects of turbulences and PEs. It is also demonstrated that a larger number of simultaneous users can be supported with this new scheme in establishing a communication link between multiple pairs of nodes in two time slots, thereby improving the channel capacity

A heuristic for placement of limited range wavelength converters in all-optical networks

Wavelength routed optical networks have emerged as a technology that can effectively utilize the enormous bandwidth of the optical fiber. Wavelength converters play an important role in enhancing the fiber utilization and reducing the overall call blocking probability of the network. As the distortion of the optical signal increases with the increase in the range of wavelength conversion in optical wavelength converters, limited range wavelength conversion assumes importance. Placement of wavelength converters is a NP complete problem [K.C. Lee, V.O.K. Li, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 11 (1993) 962-970] in an arbitrary mesh network. In this paper, we investigate heuristics for placing limited range wavelength converters in arbitrary mesh wavelength routed optical networks. The objective is to achieve near optimal placement of limited range wavelength converters resulting in reduced blocking probabilities and low distortion of the optical signal. The proposed heuristic is to place limited range wavelength converters at the most congested nodes, nodes which lie on the long lightpaths and nodes where conversion of optical signals is significantly high. We observe that limited range converters at few nodes can provide almost the entire improvement in the blocking probability as the full range wavelength converters placed at all the nodes. Congestion control in the network is brought about by dynamically adjusting the weights of the channels in the link thereby balancing the load and reducing the average delay of the traffic in the entire network. Simulations have been carried out on a 12-node ring network, 14-node NSFNET, 19-node European Optical Network (EON), 28-node US long haul network, hypothetical 30-node INET network and the results agree with the analysis. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved

An overview of the CPRI specification and its application to C-RAN-based LTE scenarios

The CPRI specification has been introduced to enable the communication between radio equipment and radio equipment controllers, and is of particular interest for mobile operators willing to deploy their networks following the novel cloud radio access network approach. In such a case, CPRI provides an interface for the interconnection of remote radio heads with a baseband unit by means of the so-called fronthaul network. This article presents the CPRI specification, its concept, design, and interfaces, provides a use case for fronthaul dimensioning in a realistic LTE scenario, and proposes some interesting open research challenges in the next-generation 5G mobile network.The authors would like to acknowledge the support of projects CRAMnet (grant no. TEC2012-38362-C03-01) and EU H2020 5G-Crosshaul Project (grant no. 671598) to the development of this work.European Commissio

Design, protocol and routing algorithms for survivable all-optical networks.

by Hui Chi Chun Ronald.Thesis submitted in: December 1998.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-66).Abstract also in Chinese.Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter Chapter 2. --- AON Architecture --- p.7Chapter 2.1 --- WCC Dimension Reduction Node Architecture --- p.10Chapter 2.2 --- Restoration of a Survivable AON --- p.13Chapter Chapter 3. --- Network Dimensioning Problem --- p.15Chapter 3.1 --- Problem Setting --- p.16Chapter 3.2 --- Two Solution Approaches --- p.16Chapter 3.2.1 --- Minimum Variance Algorithm (MVA) --- p.17Chapter 3.2.2 --- Minimum Variance Subroutine (MVS) --- p.19Chapter 3.3 --- Shortest Path Algorithm (SPA) --- p.21Chapter 3.4 --- An Illustrative Example --- p.22Chapter 3.5 --- Performance Comparisons --- p.26Chapter Chapter 4. --- Network Management for AON Restoration --- p.31Chapter 4.1 --- Surveillance Network --- p.31Chapter 4.2 --- Signaling Network --- p.32Chapter 4.3 --- Network Management System --- p.32Chapter 4.4 --- CCS7 Adaptation for Supporting AON Restoration --- p.34Chapter Chapter 5. --- Complete Restoration Algorithm for AON --- p.40Chapter 5.1 --- Link-Based Restoration Algorithm --- p.43Chapter 5.2 --- Source-Based Restoration Algorithm --- p.44Chapter 5.3 --- Case Studies --- p.45Chapter 5.3.1 --- Case I and II --- p.45Chapter 5.3.2 --- Case III --- p.50Chapter 5.4 --- Completely Restorable Network planning --- p.52Chapter 5.5 --- A Summary on Problem Formulations --- p.55Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.57Reference --- p.6