Impact of Environmental Influences on Multilevel Modulation Formats at the Signal Transmission in the Optical Transmission Medium

This paper is devoted to the analysis of environmental influences in the optical transmission medium and their impacts on multilevel modulation formats. An attention is focused on main features and characteristics of environmental negative influences of optical fibers. Consequently, principles for appropriate multilevel modulation formats are introduced together with block schemes representing their main functionalities. The created Simulink model for technologies and communications is verified for real conditions in the optical transmission medium. It can allow executing requested analysis for environmental influences on advanced multilevel modulation formats at the signal transmission. Finally, a comparison of considered multilevel modulations is introduced, using constellation diagrams, signal characteristics, eye diagrams and waterfall curves of individual signals

Possibilities for Advanced Encoding Techniques at Signal Transmission in the Optical Transmission Medium

This paper presents a possible simulation of negative effects in the optical transmission medium and an analysis for the utilization of different signal processing techniques at the optical signal transmission. An attention is focused on the high data rate signal transmission in the optical fiber influenced by linear and nonlinear environmental effects presented by the prepared simulation model. The analysis includes possible utilization of OOK, BPSK, DBPSK, BFSK, QPSK, DQPSK, 8PSK, and 16QAM modulation techniques together with RS, BCH, and LDPC encoding techniques for the signal transmission in the optical fiber. Moreover, the prepared simulation model is compared with real optical transmission systems. In the final part, a comparison of the selected modulation techniques with different encoding techniques and their implementation in real transmission systems is shown

Mapping multiplexing technique (MMT): a novel intensity modulated transmission format for high-speed optical communication systems

There is a huge rapid growth in the deployment of data centers, mainly driven from the increasing demand of internet services as video streaming, e-commerce, Internet Of Things (IOT), social media, and cloud computing. This led data centers to experience an expeditious increase in the amount of network traffic that they have to sustain due to requirement of scaling with the processing speed of Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. On the other side, as more and more data centers and processing cores are on demand, as the power consumption is becoming a challenging issue. Unless novel power efficient methodologies are innovated, the information technology industry will be more liable to a future power crunch. As such, low complex novel transmission formats featuring both power efficiency and low cost are considered the major characteristics enabling large-scale, high performance data transmission environment for short-haul optical interconnects and metropolitan range data networks. In this thesis, a novel high-speed Intensity-Modulated Direct-Detection (IM/DD) transmission format named “Mapping Multiplexing Technique (MMT)” for high-speed optical fiber networks, is proposed and presented. Conceptually, MMT design challenges the high power consumption issue that exists in high-speed short and medium range networks. The proposed novel scheme provides low complex means for increasing the power efficiency of optical transceivers at an impactful tradeoff between power efficiency, spectral efficiency, and cost. The novel scheme has been registered as a patent (Malaysia PI2012700631) that can be employed for applications related but not limited to, short-haul optical interconnects in data centers and Metropolitan Area networks (MAN). A comprehensive mathematical model for N-channel MMT modulation format has been developed. In addition, a signal space model for the N-channel MMT has been presented to serve as a platform for comparison with other transmission formats under optical channel constraints. Especially, comparison with M-PAM, as meanwhile are of practical interest to expand the capacity for optical interconnects deployment which has been recently standardized for Ethernet IEEE 802.3bs 100Gb/s and in today ongoing investigation activities by IEEE 802.3 400Gb/s Ethernet Task Force. Performance metrics have been considered by the derivation of the average electrical and optical power for N-channel MMT symbols in comparison with Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM) format with respect to the information capacity. Asymptotic power efficiency evaluation in multi-dimensional signal space has been considered. For information capacity of 2, 3 and 4 bits/symbol, 2-channel, 3-channel and 4-channel MMT modulation formats can reduce the power penalty by 1.76 dB, 2.2 dB and 4 dB compared with 4-PAM, 8-PAM and 16-PAM, respectively. This enhancement is equivalent to 53%, 60% and 71% energy per bit reduction to the transmission of 2, 3 and 4 bits per symbol employing 2-, 3- and 4-channel MMT compared with 4-, 8- and 16-PAM format, respectively. One of the major dependable parameters that affect the immunity of a modulation format to fiber non-linearities, is the system baud rate. The propagation of pulses in fiber with bitrates in the order > 10G, is not only limited by the linear fiber impairments, however, it has strong proportionality with fiber intra-channel non-linearities (Self Phase Modulation (SPM), Intra-channel Cross-Phase Modulation (IXPM) and Intra-channel Four-Wave Mixing (IFWM)). Hence, in addition to the potential application of MMT in short-haul networks, the thesis validates the practicality of implementing N-channel MMT system accompanied by dispersion compensation methodologies to extend the reach of error free transmission (BER ≤ 10-12) for Metro-networks. N-Channel MMT has been validated by real environment simulation results to outperform the performance of M-PAM in tolerating fiber non-linearities. By the employment of pre-post compensation to tolerate both residual chromatic dispersion and non-linearity, performance above the error free transmission limit at 40Gb/s bit rate have been attained for 2-, 3- and 4-channel MMT over spans lengths of up to 1200Km, 320 Km and 320 Km, respectively. While, at an aggregated bit rate of 100 Gb/s, error free transmission can be achieved for 2-, 3- and 4-channel MMT over spans lengths of up to 480 Km, 80 Km and 160 Km, respectively. At the same spectral efficiency, 4-channel MMT has realized a single channel maximum error free transmission over span lengths up to 320 Km and 160 Km at 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s, respectively, in contrast with 4-PAM attaining 240 Km and 80 Km at 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s, respectively

Mapping multiplexing technique (MMT): a novel intensity modulated transmission format for high-speed optical communication systems

There is a huge rapid growth in the deployment of data centers, mainly driven from the increasing demand of internet services as video streaming, e-commerce, Internet Of Things (IOT), social media, and cloud computing. This led data centers to experience an expeditious increase in the amount of network traffic that they have to sustain due to requirement of scaling with the processing speed of Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. On the other side, as more and more data centers and processing cores are on demand, as the power consumption is becoming a challenging issue. Unless novel power efficient methodologies are innovated, the information technology industry will be more liable to a future power crunch. As such, low complex novel transmission formats featuring both power efficiency and low cost are considered the major characteristics enabling large-scale, high performance data transmission environment for short-haul optical interconnects and metropolitan range data networks. In this thesis, a novel high-speed Intensity-Modulated Direct-Detection (IM/DD) transmission format named “Mapping Multiplexing Technique (MMT)” for high-speed optical fiber networks, is proposed and presented. Conceptually, MMT design challenges the high power consumption issue that exists in high-speed short and medium range networks. The proposed novel scheme provides low complex means for increasing the power efficiency of optical transceivers at an impactful tradeoff between power efficiency, spectral efficiency, and cost. The novel scheme has been registered as a patent (Malaysia PI2012700631) that can be employed for applications related but not limited to, short-haul optical interconnects in data centers and Metropolitan Area networks (MAN). A comprehensive mathematical model for N-channel MMT modulation format has been developed. In addition, a signal space model for the N-channel MMT has been presented to serve as a platform for comparison with other transmission formats under optical channel constraints. Especially, comparison with M-PAM, as meanwhile are of practical interest to expand the capacity for optical interconnects deployment which has been recently standardized for Ethernet IEEE 802.3bs 100Gb/s and in today ongoing investigation activities by IEEE 802.3 400Gb/s Ethernet Task Force. Performance metrics have been considered by the derivation of the average electrical and optical power for N-channel MMT symbols in comparison with Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM) format with respect to the information capacity. Asymptotic power efficiency evaluation in multi-dimensional signal space has been considered. For information capacity of 2, 3 and 4 bits/symbol, 2-channel, 3-channel and 4-channel MMT modulation formats can reduce the power penalty by 1.76 dB, 2.2 dB and 4 dB compared with 4-PAM, 8-PAM and 16-PAM, respectively. This enhancement is equivalent to 53%, 60% and 71% energy per bit reduction to the transmission of 2, 3 and 4 bits per symbol employing 2-, 3- and 4-channel MMT compared with 4-, 8- and 16-PAM format, respectively. One of the major dependable parameters that affect the immunity of a modulation format to fiber non-linearities, is the system baud rate. The propagation of pulses in fiber with bitrates in the order > 10G, is not only limited by the linear fiber impairments, however, it has strong proportionality with fiber intra-channel non-linearities (Self Phase Modulation (SPM), Intra-channel Cross-Phase Modulation (IXPM) and Intra-channel Four-Wave Mixing (IFWM)). Hence, in addition to the potential application of MMT in short-haul networks, the thesis validates the practicality of implementing N-channel MMT system accompanied by dispersion compensation methodologies to extend the reach of error free transmission (BER ≤ 10-12) for Metro-networks. N-Channel MMT has been validated by real environment simulation results to outperform the performance of M-PAM in tolerating fiber non-linearities. By the employment of pre-post compensation to tolerate both residual chromatic dispersion and non-linearity, performance above the error free transmission limit at 40Gb/s bit rate have been attained for 2-, 3- and 4-channel MMT over spans lengths of up to 1200Km, 320 Km and 320 Km, respectively. While, at an aggregated bit rate of 100 Gb/s, error free transmission can be achieved for 2-, 3- and 4-channel MMT over spans lengths of up to 480 Km, 80 Km and 160 Km, respectively. At the same spectral efficiency, 4-channel MMT has realized a single channel maximum error free transmission over span lengths up to 320 Km and 160 Km at 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s, respectively, in contrast with 4-PAM attaining 240 Km and 80 Km at 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s, respectively

Silicon-organic hybrid devices for high-speed electro-optic signal processing

Among the various elements of the silicon photonics platform, electro-optic IQ modulators play an important role. In this book, silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) integration is used to realize electro-optic IQ modulators for complex signal processing. Leveraging the high nonlinearity of organic materials, SOH IQ modulators provide low energy consumption for high-speed data transmission and frequency shifting. Furthermore, the device design is adapted for commercial foundry processes

Towards high bandwidth communication systems: from Multi-Gbit/s over SI-POF in home scenarios to 5G cellular networks over SMF

The main objective of the thesis is to study high bandwidth communication systems for different network architectures from the end user at the in-home scenario to the service provider through the mobile cellular front-haul network. This is in parallel with the integration of power over fiber (PoF) technology in these systems.The present work received funds from the following Spanish and international projects: - Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, “Tecnologías avanzadas inteligentes basadas en fibras ópticas/Advanced SMART technologies based on Optical Fibers (SMART-OF)”, grant no. RTI2018-094669-B-C32, within the coordinated project “Polymer Optical Fiber Disruptive Technologies (POFTECH)”. - Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades “LAboratorio de montaje, medida y CAracterización de antenas y dispositivos integrados fotónicos para comunicaciones 5G y de espacio en milimétricas, submilimétricas y THz (hasta 320 GHz) (LACA5G))”, grant no. EQC2018-005152-P. - Comunidad de Madrid “TElealimentación FotovoLtaica por fibra Óptica para medida y coNtrol en entornos extremos (TEFLON-CM)”, grant no. Y2018/EMT-4892. - Comunidad de Madrid “Sensores e Instrumentación en Tecnologías Fotónicas 2 (SINFOTON-2)”, grant no. P2018/NMT-4326, coordinated project with UC3MUPM- UAH-URCJ-CSIC. - H2020 European Union programme Bluespace project “Building the Use of Spatial Multiplexing 5G Networks Infrastructures and Showcasing Advanced Technologies and Networking Capabilities” grant nº.762055.Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y Automática por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidente: Beatriz Ortega Tamarit.- Secretario: Guillermo Carpintero del Barrio.- Vocal: Óscar Esteban Martíne

Comunicações avançadas com fibra óptica plástica

Nowadays, fiber to the Home/Curb/Building/Cabinet (FTTx) services that interconnect homes with a standard glass optical fiber cables to the core/access optical networks have brought the optical fiber at the doorsteps of our homes. However, the last few miles in home access network is still based on the limited bandwidth electronic component which supports by the cooper wires e.g. Cat-5, 6. The rapid growth of personal smart/mobile electronic devices with new developments such as video on demand, High Definition (HD) and three-Dimension (3D) television (TV), cloud computing, video conferences, etc. has been proposed new challenges for the next generation high bandwidth demand required for subscribers in home access network. In order to meet the more demanding expectations of the end user with new developments, it is necessary to improve the physical infrastructure of the existing in home networks in order to obtain the best ratio between quality of service and price of implementation. Plastic optical fibers (POFs) are point out as a promising transmission medium for short-range communication in compare to the “classic” single/multimode glass optical fibers and current cooper wire technology developments. The main advantages of POF are its easy to install, easy splicing and the possibility of using low cost optical transceivers, capability of being robust, and immunity to electromagnetic noise interference. However, the benefits of large-core POFs come at the expense of a less bandwidth and a higher attenuation than silica-based solution. The main objective of this doctoral dissertation is to explore the possibilities and develop low cost, short reach, high data rate POF-links for in home networks applications. This thesis investigates the use of multilevel modulation in particular, pulse amplitude modulation (PAM in combination of the receiver equalizer in order to overcome the bandwidth limitations of the graded index POFs. The possibility of the using multiple channels over a single fiber to increase the capacity of POF systems using commercially available multimode components is also analyzed in this dissertation. Moreover, a low cost Digitised radio signal over plastic fiber system is proposed and evaluated to deliver digital baseband data for wireline and wireless users in home access network. The deployment will be specified in terms of performance, maximum rates and any degradation that might appear in the network. Furthermore, the possibilities of the microstructured fibers in telecommunication application will be studied with main emphasis on their structural design. The photonic crystal fibers made of different highly nonlinear materials with different structures are optimized to achieve ultra-flat dispersion, high nonlinearity and low confinement loss over a broad range of wavelengths in the perspective of their usage in telecommunication applications.Hoje em dia, a possibilidade de a fibra óptica até casa (FTTH) para a transmissão simultânea de diferentes serviços como internet, telefone, televisão digital é uma realidade. No entanto, para satisfazer as expectativas mais exigentes do usuário final com novos desenvolvimentos, tais como vídeo sob demanda, de alta definição (HD) e tridimensional (3D) de televisão (TV), computação em nuvem, vídeo conferências, etc., é necessário melhorar a infra-estrutura física da existente em redes domésticas, a fim de obter a melhor relação entre a qualidade do serviço e preço de implementação. Fibra óptica de plástico (POF) é considerada um meio de transmissão promissor para comunicações de curto alcance, queando comparadas com a clássica fibra óptica de silica (tanto monomodo como multimodo) e com as tecnologias atuais baseadas em fio de cobre. As principais vantagens da POF encontramse na sua facilidade de instalação e conecção, possibilidade de uso de fontes e detectores de baixo custo, robustez e imunidade electromagnética. No entanto, o uso da POF de elevado diâmetro têm também desvantagens uma vez que esta oferece uma menor largura de banda e uma atenuação superior à fibra de sílica convêncional. Esta dissertação de doutoramento tem como principal objetivo explorar as possibilidades de desemvolvimento de componentes de baixo custo baseados em POF para redes de curto alcance, com alta taxa de transmisssão de dados. Esta tese investiga a utilização de vários formatos de modulação combinados com equalizador e receptor, de maneira a superar as limitações de largura de banda em sistemas de comunicação óptica de curto alcance. Em particular, a modulação em amplitude de impulso (PAM) é proposta e investigada a fim de aumentar a capacidade de tais sistemas. Além disso, a possibilidade de usar múltiplos canais, utilizando uma única fibra óptica, também conhecido por multiplexagem por divisão de comprimento de onda (WDM), será analisada neste trabalho. A viabilidade das tecnologias de redes de acesso tanto a nível individual como em sistemas WDM serão analisadas usando componentes multimodo disponíveis comercialmente. A implementação será especificada em termos de desempenho tanto a nível da taxas máximas de transmissão, bem como na degradação do sinal que possa ocorrer na rede. No capitulo 5 desta dissertação é apresentado sistema de radio através de fibra. Este tipo de sistemas permite a simplificação das estações base providenciando também uma elevada manutenção de custos. O principal objectivo deste estudo prende-se com a investigação do impacto da amostragem na preformance de digitalização de rádio através de fibra e também como a introdução de fibra óptica de plástico pode afetar o sistema. Além disso, a possibilidade da aplicação de fibras óticas microestruturadas em redes de telecomunicações serão estudadas com ênfase principal na sua concepção estrutural. As fibras de cristal fotônico feitas de diferentes materiais altamente não-lineares com diferentes estruturas serão otimizadas a fim de alcançar uma dispersão ultra-plana, elevada não linearidade e baixa perda de confinamento em uma vasta gama espectral, na perspectiva de seu uso em aplicações de telecomunicações.Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Eletrotécnic

Telecommunication Systems

This book is based on both industrial and academic research efforts in which a number of recent advancements and rare insights into telecommunication systems are well presented. The volume is organized into four parts: "Telecommunication Protocol, Optimization, and Security Frameworks", "Next-Generation Optical Access Technologies", "Convergence of Wireless-Optical Networks" and "Advanced Relay and Antenna Systems for Smart Networks." Chapters within these parts are self-contained and cross-referenced to facilitate further study

Optical Communication

Optical communication is very much useful in telecommunication systems, data processing and networking. It consists of a transmitter that encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel that carries the signal to its desired destination, and a receiver that reproduces the message from the received optical signal. It presents up to date results on communication systems, along with the explanations of their relevance, from leading researchers in this field. The chapters cover general concepts of optical communication, components, systems, networks, signal processing and MIMO systems. In recent years, optical components and other enhanced signal processing functions are also considered in depth for optical communications systems. The researcher has also concentrated on optical devices, networking, signal processing, and MIMO systems and other enhanced functions for optical communication. This book is targeted at research, development and design engineers from the teams in manufacturing industry, academia and telecommunication industries