92,177 research outputs found
Relational Exchange in Nonprofits: The Role of Identity Saliency and Relationship Satisfaction
Research and practice in nonprofit fundraising has increasingly been focused on the benefits of relational exchange. This dissertation examines relationships between donors and nonprofit organizations and their impact on the charitable giving levels using identity salience and relationship satisfaction as key mediators of nonprofit relational exchange. Previous research has shown that there are a plethora of charitable giving motivations that contribute to supportive behaviors in the nonprofit context; however, this research does not provide a comprehensive understanding of the intervening variables. This study modified previous studies by introducing relationship satisfaction in addition to identity saliency, as mediating constructs. Results confirm that both identity saliency and relationship satisfaction partially mediate charitable giving motivations and charitable giving. Additionally, perceived organizational performance, emotional utility, and parental socialization and youth participation were significantly related to identity salience. Finally, perceived organizational performance, emotional utility, and satisfaction with the solicitation process were found to significantly related to relationship satisfaction
Unveiling the anonymous philanthropist: charity in the nineteenth century
This article examines anonymous contributions in nineteenth century charitable subscription lists in order to explore what the phenomenon of anonymity can illuminate about the Victorian culture of philanthropy. Anonymous giving has received little historical scrutiny. The article contrasts the public and private nature of philanthropy and considers why some individuals chose to conceal their identity when making charitable donations. It suggests that the use of anonymity is counter to the idea, prevalent in the historiography, that philanthropists used their wealth to gain public power and prestige. Instead, this article suggests that anonymous giving highlights the personal and private aspect of charitable giving that reflects both the philanthropist's relationship with God and their deeply felt connection with the charitable cause
Charity begins at home? Setting a future research agenda for national identity and charitable ethnocentrism
Purpose:
This conceptual paper is designed to act as a catalyst for further debate and research surrounding the relationship between national identity and donor behaviour. Whereas much research has investigated how consumer ethnocentrism impacts upon purchase decisions, this conversation has not been extended into the realm of charitable giving. Given the current political and economic debates surrounding immigration policy and European Union membership, the issue of how national identity impacts upon charitable choice appears more pertinent than ever.
Findings:
A review of existing literature concludes that consumer ethnocentrism may not be an applicable construct in the context of charitable giving. This paper proposes an alternative concept, charitable ethnocentrism, be used to further investigate donor decision making. Public attitudes towards relevant political policies surrounding austerity and official development assistance (ODA) are also identified as factors which may influence charity choice.
Implications:
This discussion informs future research addressing how donors choose between what is a growing range of charitable causes. Specifically, the paper focuses on the distinction between supporting charities that are local, national or international in scope, and identifies relevant constructs that may explain how donors prioritise causes that serve different beneficiaries.
Contribution:
In an increasingly competitive charitable marketplace, this paper aims to stimulate empirical research that could influence future fundraising strategies used by charities. In academic terms, this paper instigates a timely discussion surrounding donor decision making, bringing together relevant concepts surrounding national identity that have not previously been considered in a third sector setting
The Secret Economy of Charitable Giving
Charitable giving is big business. In 2009, the Internal Revenue Service reported close to 100,000 private foundations, almost double the number from fifteen years earlier. Some of these charitable trusts, like the Gates Foundation, are multi-billion dollar enterprises. Trust instruments and other governing documents set forth the terms that control these gifts. Because charitable trusts can exist in perpetuity, however, changing circumstances sometimes render the terms difficult to fulfill. Courts can apply cy pres, a doctrine that allows for the modification of gift restrictions, but in the past courts have tended to apply cy pres narrowly and privilege donor intent above all other considerations. Recent reforms, however, have moved courts toward a more flexible application of the doctrine. In this Article, I analyze certain high-profile cases that have driven these reforms-including the presumption of general charitable intent, the recognition of wasteful as a criterion, and the deployment of deviation-and explain how these reforms represent positive change. Moreover, I provide a theoretical grounding to account for the correctness of these reforms. I argue that charitable giving should be understood as embedded in a nexus of material and social exchanges-part of the charitable gift economy. I describe how charitable giving provides a range of benefits to donors, including both tangible tax benefits and intangible benefits such as status, social identity, and warm glow. Based on this understanding of the charitable gift economy, courts and charities alike should embrace current reforms and seek to expand them further
Professional Identity and the Determinants of Fundraisersâ Charitable Behavior
This survey-based study (n = 1,663) addressed charitable behaviors of fundraisersâkey arbiters of othersâ donations. Our research question was as follows: Are fundraisersâ charitable behaviors related to their professional identity? We found several anticipated differences in giving and volunteering behaviors (and their social determinants) in comparison with the general public and the influence of some fundraising-specific variables. Nearly all the fundraisers gave time and money and were more like one another than the public. On average, they gave more money and donated a higher salary share than the typical household. They volunteered at a higher rate and, excluding outliers, more hours than the average American. We contend that fundraiser charitable behavior and professional identity are interwoven. The professional norms regarding personal philanthropy may also be influenced through the self-selection of the inherently philanthropic into fundraising. Future research should examine formation of fundraiser professional identity and its outcomes more broadly
Charitable Giving in Nonprofit Service Associations: Identities, Incentives, and Gender Differences
Nonprofit service associations, such as the Lions Clubs, Rotaries, and Kiwanis, provide collective goods. Membership in a service association involves two essential elements: membersâ shared interest in the clubâs charitable service and private benefits stemming from social interactions with other members, such as networking, fellowship, and fun. We report results from a laboratory experiment designed to test the effect of membership and priming on charitable giving. The two experimental conditions activate chains of associative memory linked to the service or socializing aspects of membership. We find that female subjects give significantly smaller donations after receiving the socializing stimulus. Male subjects are less sensitive to our experimental conditions, giving slightly more in the socializing condition, but the differences are not statistically significant. We discuss three mechanisms that may explain our results: social identity theory, reputation and image motivations, and quality inference
Qualitative Research to Understand Charitable Giving and Gift Aid Behaviour Amongst Better-off Individuals
HM Revenue & Customs commissioned this qualitative research to increase understanding of better-off individuals' motivations for giving to charity, and to understand the role of tax reliefs within this. Participants gave to a wide range of local and national charities through both lump sum donations and regular gifts. Motivations for giving included: * social influences (such as requests from friends) * emotions (such as the feeling of having done a good deed) * identity (it being part of the individual's identity or belief system) * outcomes (seeing the difference the donation makes) Tax relief in itself did not motivate the decision to give, but did seem to incentivise participants to give more generously as they knew that they would be receiving relief at the end of the year. However, participants were not always clear exactly how much they would get back and some were unclear on the details of Gift Aid. Participants found the current system for claiming relief easy to navigate and thought it fair for both the charity and the donor to receive tax relief. Participants felt that without the incentive of tax relief, they might reduce their charitable donations disproportionately to the amount that they would have received in tax relief. Thirty-two in-depth interviews were conducted in February and March 2015 with individuals who earn over ÂŁ100,000 per annum and who had claimed tax relief on a charitable donation of at least ÂŁ100 in 2013 to 2014
Identityâbased motivation and consumer behavior
Choices are often identityâbased yet the identityâtoâchoice link is not necessarily obvious for reasons articulated by the identityâbased motivation model (Oyserman, D. (2009). Identityâbased motivation: Implication for actionâreadiness, procedural readiness and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology). Specifically, which identities are salient and what identities mean in the moment are highly dependent on situational cues. Though they feel stable, identities are dynamically shaped by situational affordances and constraints and this shaping process can occur without conscious awareness. This implies that product use, including use of utilitarian products, can become identityâbased, as can both selfâconstructive and selfâdestructive choices. Over time, broader identities are more likely to be cued than more narrow ones, though any identity can be cued in the right circumstances. The commentaries apply the model to cultureâcontingent effects of power (Shavitt, S., Torelli, C. & Wong, J. (2009). Identityâbased motivation: Constraints and opportunities in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Psychology), charitable giving (Aaker, J. & Akutsu, S. (2009). Why do people give? The role of identity in giving. Journal of Consumer Psychology), and the consequences of salient identities for selfâconstructive vs. selfâdestructive choices (Kirmani, A. (2009). The self and the brand. Journal of Consumer Psychology) and this commentary addresses some of the questions they raise.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141517/1/jcpy276.pd
Connected to Give: Faith Communities
This is the third report in the "Connected to Give" series, and compares the relationship between the charitable giving behavior of American's from a variety of backgrounds, including their key demographics; an examination their motivations for giving; and the types of organizations to which they contribute
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Islamic charity in the state of Kuwait: between regulation, local understanding, and practice
This thesis explores how Kuwaitis express their Kuwaitiness (social/cultural identity) through charitable activities in Kuwait, in respect of Kuwaiti societyâs transformation into a renowned centre for charitable works, focusing on a range of individuals and organisations active in Kuwaitâs charitable domain. The thesis is based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with people from a range of backgrounds in Kuwait.
Contemporary charity in Kuwait involves innovative and sustainable projects, both local and international. In recent years, Kuwait has become very prominent as a charitable nation. Kuwaiti citizens are actively involved in many different forms of charity, particularly during the holy month of Ramadan, the key charitable month in most Muslim countries. While Kuwait is a wealthy country and has taken a global charitable position, it nevertheless faces considerable social and economic inequality, such as stateless people in the country and low income levels among migrant workers. This is a result of the population demographic that Kuwait has, as well as being the outcome of certain historical incidents that Kuwait has experienced. Among the most prominent and influential of these were the Iraqi invasion of 1990 and 11 September 2001. These historical incidents affected charity in Kuwait in a variety of ways.
This thesis argues that charity has become a central part of Kuwaiti identity. The diversity of charitable engagements in Kuwait â by young people, individuals, collectives, and organisations â together express âKuwaitinessâ and combine dimensions of giving that scholars have previously seen as opposed, such as giving to God, and giving as a means of socio-economic/moral development. This research contributes to scholarship on charity within and beyond the Muslim world by investigating local practice and religious understanding of the contemporary role of Islamic charity within the State of Kuwait. There are seven chapters: the Introduction (1) describes the place of charity in Kuwaiti society, together with a review of key literature relating to charitable activity and the details of the studyâs methodology. Context (2) outlines the situation in Kuwait in respect to charitable behaviour and activity. Then there are five empirical chapters detailing different aspects of Kuwaiti charitable activity. The first of these (3) gives an overview of charity in Kuwait during the holy month of Ramadan. Then there are four more chapters focusing on charitable activities by different players engaged in charity in Kuwait: young people (4), individuals (5), NGOs (6), and the government (7). The thesis concludes with the Conclusion (8), which discusses the key themes explored in the thesis
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