Parting layers, ash trays and Ramesside glassmaking: an experimental study

A series of glassmaking and glass colouring replication experiments was undertaken in order to test some of the current hypotheses concerning Late Bronze Age glass production at Qantir-Piramesses. These were based on the model of glassmaking developed in this volume, and aimed in particular to test the behaviour of the parting layer and the local ceramic under the proposed chemical and thermal conditions. Modern ash trays made out of Egyptian Nile silt clay were used as proxies for LBA reaction vessels and crucibles, and both raw glass and coloured glass ingots were produced in them. This experimental study, based on detailed observation and technical studies of archaeological samples from Qantir-Piramesses, not only provides material readily comparable to the archaeological finds, but brings to the forefront practical issues concerning the nature of the parting layer, its application, the melting procedures, the re-use of crucibles, and indirect evidence of primary production, such as the impact of sodium chloride, a major component of plant ashes, on the ceramic. Although this string of experiments does not fully replicate LBA glassmaking technology, much information was obtained and further areas of ambiguity identified

Non-contact temperature measurement requirements

The Marshall Space Flight Center is involved with levitation experiments for Spacelab, Space Station, and drop tube/tower operations. These experiments have temperature measurement requirements, that of course must be non-contact in nature. The experiment modules involved are the Acoustic Levitator Furnace (ALF), and the Modular Electromagnetic Levitator (MEL). User requirements of the ALF and drop tube are presented. The center also has temperature measurement needs that are not microgravity experiment oriented, but rather are related to the propulsion system for the STS. This requirement will also be discussed

Space processes for extended low-G testing

Results of an investigation of verifying the capabilities of space processes in ground based experiments at low-g periods are presented. Limited time experiments were conducted with the processes. A valid representation of the complete process cycle was achieved at low-g periods ranging from 40 to 390 seconds. A minimum equipment inventory, is defined. A modular equipment design, adopted to assure low cost and high program flexibility, is presented as well as procedures and data established for the synthesis and definition of dedicated and mixed rocket payloads

Silicon Derived from Glass Bottles as Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Full Cell Batteries.

Every year many tons of waste glass end up in landfills without proper recycling, which aggravates the burden of waste disposal in landfill. The conversion from un-recycled glass to favorable materials is of great significance for sustainable strategies. Recently, silicon has been an exceptional anode material towards large-scale energy storage applications, due to its extraordinary lithiation capacity of 3579 mAh g-1 at ambient temperature. Compared with other quartz sources obtained from pre-leaching processes which apply toxic acids and high energy-consuming annealing, an interconnected silicon network is directly derived from glass bottles via magnesiothermic reduction. Carbon-coated glass derived-silicon (gSi@C) electrodes demonstrate excellent electrochemical performance with a capacity of ~1420 mAh g-1 at C/2 after 400 cycles. Full cells consisting of gSi@C anodes and LiCoO2 cathodes are assembled and achieve good initial cycling stability with high energy density

Enhanced design for oxy -fuel fired batch tanks using CFD methods

Oxy-fuel firing is more energy efficient and environment friendly than conventional air-fuel firing and its application for glass melting has begun since 1990. This technology has been advanced for continuous glass melting furnaces based on continued research and application experiences accumulation, while its application in batch tanks is experiencing a transition period. Batch tanks are commonly used by the hand and art glass companies. Compared to continuous furnaces, a batch tank has smaller size and higher operation temperature. The four primary concerns in the application of oxy-fuel firing in batch tanks are (1) The high flame temperature of oxy-fuel firing may overheat the batch tank refractory; because of batch tank\u27s size, both flame length and width are critical factors for batch tank design. (2) Flame length and width as well as flame temperature depend on burner design, therefore, research on oxy-fuel burner performances is indispensable for enhanced batch tank design. (3) Proper burner placement in batch tank makes better heat transfer to glass while avoiding overheating refractory. (4) NO x formation in an oxy-fuel fired batch tank is sensitive to the nitrogen content in both fuel and oxygen supply, and to oxygen fuel mixing pattern as well as tank geometry. The NOx emissions need to be predicted for enhancement of burner design, burner placement, and tank geometry design as well as settings of operation parameters.;This research focused on the above four primary concerns of oxy-fuel firing and specified the primary aspects of an oxy-fuel batch tank design. The physical and chemical processes of the combustion and heat transfer were analyzed and modeled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Based on the modeling of the geometry, the turbulence, the chemical reaction, the radiation, the NOx formation, and the soot formation, these specified aspects of most concern in batch tank design were simulated using commercial CFD software FLUENT.;Oxy-fuel flame features and the burner-tank compatibility as well as the NOx emissions were simulated. First, the commonly used traditional coaxial burners with a wide range of jet velocities were systematically studied and fuel-oxygen velocities were optimized, which provides a guidance of burner selection and operating condition setting for small and medium batch tanks. Second, flat flame burners were studied for medium and large batch tanks. It is found that flat flame has better flame coverage over glass surface and better overall temperature distribution, which enhances heat transfer to glass while lessens superstructure refractory corrosion and reduces NOx emissions. The effect of buoyancy on flame propagation can be counteracted by calculated direction setting of the flat flame burner. Third, burner placement in batch tank was investigated to ensure an appropriate match between the oxy-fuel burner(s) and a batch tank. The results of this research provide an overall understanding of the batch tank design and operation, and will help in dissemination of oxy-fuel firing technology in the hand glass industry