Final report on the evaluation of RRM/CRRM algorithms

Deliverable public del projecte EVERESTThis deliverable provides a definition and a complete evaluation of the RRM/CRRM algorithms selected in D11 and D15, and evolved and refined on an iterative process. The evaluation will be carried out by means of simulations using the simulators provided at D07, and D14.Preprin

OPTIMASI JUMLAH NEIGHBOR-CELL PADA JARINGAN WCDMA BERDASARKAN EC/IO DAN CATCHMENT ANGLE

Evolusi jaringan selular menyebabkan sel-sel berevolusi menjadi semakin kecil, sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya overshooting dan meningkatnya level interferensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi jaringan uniformly distributed cell pada mode layout 2 tier dengan menggunakan media simulasi. Metoda yang diusulkan dalam mendefinisikan neighbor adalah berdasarkan teknik Catchment Angle dalam mendefinisikan coverage area dari sel yang sedang diamati. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan melakukan optimasi pada tinggi antena, power transmit serta downtilting antena. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa proses optimasi pada model picocell dengan radius 500 meter tersebut, dapat mencapai target KPI yang telah ditetapkan. Berdasarkan konfigurasi optimum ini, kebutuhan NCL suatu sel dengan menggunakan teknik catchment angle pada sudut 1200, 1500 dan 1800 hanya berkisar 7 – 9 slot

Crowdsourced Reconstruction of Cellular Networks to Serve Outdoor Positioning: Modeling, Validation and Analysis

Positioning via outdoor fingerprinting, which exploits the radio signals emitted by cellular towers, is fundamental in many applications. In most cases, the localization performance is affected by the availability of information about the emitters, such as their coverage. While several projects aim at collecting cellular network data via crowdsourcing observations, none focuses on information about the structure of the networks, which is paramount to correctly model their topology. The difficulty of such a modeling is exacerbated by the inherent differences among cellular technologies, the strong spatio-temporal nature of positioning, and the continuously evolving configuration of the networks. In this paper, we first show how to synthesize a detailed conceptual schema of cellular networks on the basis of the signal fingerprints collected by devices. We turned it into a logical one, and we exploited that to build a relational spatio-temporal database capable of supporting a crowdsourced collection of data. Next, we populated the database with heterogeneous cellular observations originating from multiple sources. In addition, we illustrate how the developed system allows us to properly deal with the evolution of the network configuration, e.g., by detecting cell renaming phenomena and by making it possible to correct inconsistent measurements coming from mobile devices, fostering positioning tasks. Finally, we provide a wide range of basic, spatial, and temporal analyses about the arrangement of the cellular network and its evolution over time, demonstrating how the developed system can be used to reconstruct and maintain a deep knowledge of the cellular network, possibly starting from crowdsourced information only

Performance Management of 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution

Long Term Evolution (LTE) on 3rd Generation Partnership Project:in (3GPP) uusin, suorituskyvyltään edeltäjiään huomattavasti kehittyneempi mobiiliverkkostandardi. Verkon rakentaminen on operaattorille aina valtava investointi, jonka vuoksi operaattorit luonnollisesti haluavat maksimoida verkon tuoton samalla minimoiden sen ylläpitämisen aiheuttamat kustannukset. Verkon tuottoa voidaan parantaa optimoimalla sen suorituskykyä ja verkon ylläpitokustannuksia pienentää automatisoimalla verkonhallinnan toimintoja. Ratkaiseva vaihe verkon suorituskyvyn optimointiprosessissa on verkon suorituskyvyn arviointi. Tässä diplomityössä kuvataan LTE:n tärkeimmät verkon suorituskyvyn tunnusluvut, joiden avulla verkon toimintaa voidaan arvioida kokonaisvaltaisesti. Lisäksi diplomityössä esitellään verkonhallinnan toimintoja automatisoiva Self-Organizing-Networks (SON) -konsepti ja sen tyypilliset käyttösovellukset. Työssä arvioidaan myös näiden käyttösovellusten toteuttamiskelpoisuutta, vahvuuksia sekä heikkouksia. Diplomityön viimeisessä osassa tutkitaan järjestelmätason simulaatioiden avulla SON -konseptin Cell Outage Compensation (COC) -käyttösovellusta, jonka tavoitteena on vähentää tukiasemien vikaantumisista verkon käyttäjille aiheutuvaa haittaa. Osiossa tutkitaan tyypillisen vikaantumisen vaikutuksia, valitaan kontrolliparametrit COC -algoritmille sekä kehitetään COC -funktio. Tehdyissä simulaatioissa kehitetty COC -funktio onnistui vähentämään vikaantumisen vaikutuksia merkittävästi.Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the newest mobile network standard in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) evolution path, promising to considerably increase the performance of mobile networks. Building a mobile network is a huge investment for a network operator, and naturally operators try to maximize the revenue and minimize the operational expenditure created by their investment. This goal can be achieved by optimizing network performance and by minimizing the manual effort of network management. This thesis introduces the most important key performance indicators (KPI) of LTE, which can be utilized to evaluate network performance. Self-Organizing-Networks (SON) concept designed to automate many of the network management tasks is also described. Furthermore, the feasibility, advantages and disadvantages of SON use cases are evaluated. The final part of the thesis reports research carried out on the Cell Outage Compensation (COC), a SON use case designed to alleviate the effect of a network outage. The research, which was carried out using system level simulations, consisted of investigating the effects of a typical outage, selecting the most potential control parameters and developing a COC function. As a result, the developed COC function considerably alleviated the effects of the outage in the utilized simulation environmen

Scalable Multiple Description Coding and Distributed Video Streaming over 3G Mobile Networks

In this thesis, a novel Scalable Multiple Description Coding (SMDC) framework is proposed. To address the bandwidth fluctuation, packet loss and heterogeneity problems in the wireless networks and further enhance the error resilience tools in Moving Pictures Experts Group 4 (MPEG-4), the joint design of layered coding (LC) and multiple description coding (MDC) is explored. It leverages a proposed distributed multimedia delivery mobile network (D-MDMN) to provide path diversity to combat streaming video outage due to handoff in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The corresponding intra-RAN (Radio Access Network) handoff and inter-RAN handoff procedures in D-MDMN are studied in details, which employ the principle of video stream re-establishing to replace the principle of data forwarding in UMTS. Furthermore, a new IP (Internet Protocol) Differentiated Services (DiffServ) video marking algorithm is proposed to support the unequal error protection (UEP) of LC components of SMDC. Performance evaluation is carried through simulation using OPNET Modeler 9. 0. Simulation results show that the proposed handoff procedures in D-MDMN have better performance in terms of handoff latency, end-to-end delay and handoff scalability than that in UMTS. Performance evaluation of our proposed IP DiffServ video marking algorithm is also undertaken, which shows that it is more suitable for video streaming in IP mobile networks compared with the previously proposed DiffServ video marking algorithm (DVMA)

Neuroanatomical Maps and Taste Reactivity to Sweet, Umami, and Bitter Taste in the PBN of C57BL/6J Mice

Humans can distinguish at least five different taste qualities, sour, salty, bitter, sweet, and umami (the savory taste of certain amino acids). In neuroscience research, behavioral testing is used to measure the ability of rodents (including inbred mice) to discriminate between the different taste qualities. Taste reactivity and two-bottle preference are behavioral tests that are utilized to investigate different aspects of taste. These tests involve either voluntary or forced consumption of taste stimuli, respectively. Either test can be used to infer the preference and palatability of the stimulus consumed by an animal. In order to understand the basis of taste behavior, one must understand the organization of the taste pathway. As an organism consumes a particular food or fluid, it first binds to or activates taste receptors or channels located inside taste buds found in the oral cavity. This transduction event then produces a cascade of neuronal activation via sensory nerves that innervate the taste buds –branches of three cranial nerves (VII, IX, and X). These cranial nerves then synapse centrally in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) where the relayed taste information is kept relatively segregated from visceral input (which arrives via cranial nerve X). From this point, the taste information is relayed to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) in the pons, where the taste and visceral information now overlap. The PBN has not been studied as extensively as the NST in terms of taste representation, especially in regards to umami taste. A few recent studies have indicated that taste neurons in the PBN respond to sweet and synergistic umami (i.e. a combination of glutamate and a ribonucleotide) stimuli in a similar manner, providing a rationale for further study of the representation of these taste stimuli in this area. Sweet and umami taste share a common G-protein-coupled taste receptor subunit, T1R3, that responds in combination with either T1R1 to transduce umami stimuli or T1R2 to transduce sweet stimuli. Aside from sharing a common taste receptor, previous studies using pharmacological manipulations, electrophysiology, conditioned taste aversion (CTA), and discrimination studies have shown a strong functional link between sweet and umami taste in rodents. Compounds found to be sweet taste inhibitors either entirely or partially block the nerve response to the prototypical umami stimulus monosodium glutamate (MSG), as well as a synergistic mixture of MSG combined with the cyclic nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP). When the epithelial sodium channel blocker amiloride is combined with MSG, both rats and mice have difficulty determining the difference between this umami stimulus and sucrose. Overall, it appears that some umami stimuli appear to be perceived as sucrose-like in rodents, which differs dramatically from the human perception of umami stimuli. Although umami taste has not been studied as comprehensively in mice as it has been in rats, it is important to investigate due to the widespread use of a variety of genetic mouse models in taste research. Along with using behavioral models, one might gauge the uniqueness of sweet and umami stimuli using an anatomical technique, such as visualization of the immediate early gene c-fos in PBN neurons. In fact, previous research has indicated stimulation with different taste qualities produces distinctive c-fos patterns in the PBN. For this current research study, my first hypothesis was that since previous studies suggested the similarity between sweet and umami compounds in C57BL/6J (B6) mice; stimuli of both taste qualities would produce similar levels of preference, consumption, and levels of taste reactivity behaviors. Secondly, I hypothesized that taste stimulation with either sweet (sucrose) or umami (monopotassium glutamate; MPG, or the synergistic mixture of MPG+IMP) stimuli would produce a similar c-fos expression pattern in sweet and umami stimuli, and this would also be distinct from the c-fos expression patterns elicited by both the bitter stimulus, quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) and water. Overall, the preference tests revealed that both sucrose and umami stimuli (especially MSG+IMP) were preferred and consumed at a similarly high level in B6 mice. However, the taste reactivity test did not yield any insight into whether the sweet and umami taste stimuli were perceived as similar. However, taste reactivity to the bitter stimulus, QHCl, was easily distinguishable from the other tested taste stimuli. Using c-fos immunohistochemistry to visualize neuronal activation, I then compared staining patterns of activation evoked by: water, QHCl, sucrose, saccharin, MPG, and MPG+IMP in subdivisions of the PBN in B6 mice, as well as a few other non-taste brainstem areas (locus coeruleus and mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve). Results showed that quinine elicited significantly less c-fos positive nuclei in the entire dorsal lateral (DL) subnucleus compared to water. A few other significant effects of the tastant stimuli were found in the rostral portion of the waist, central lateral (CL), and DL PBN subnuclei, but distinct c-fos representations were not found for each stimulus tested. To determine if tastant effects might have been subtler in terms of cell density or patterning; and therefore, could have been missed using normal cell counting methods, I decided to use a three-dimensional mapping approach to examine c-fos expression in the PBN. Results of this new mapping approach suggest its potential usage in future studies

Phylogeny and evolution of Rab7 and Rab9 proteins

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>An important role in the evolution of intracellular trafficking machinery in eukaryotes played small GTPases belonging to the Rab family known as pivotal regulators of vesicle docking, fusion and transport. The Rab family is very diversified and divided into several specialized subfamilies. We focused on the VII functional group comprising Rab7 and Rab9, two related subfamilies, and analysed 210 sequences of these proteins. Rab7 regulates traffic from early to late endosomes and from late endosome to vacuole/lysosome, whereas Rab9 participates in transport from late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although Rab7 and Rab9 proteins are quite small and show heterogeneous rates of substitution in different lineages, we found a phylogenetic signal and inferred evolutionary relationships between them. Rab7 proteins evolved before radiation of main eukaryotic supergroups while Rab9 GTPases diverged from Rab7 before split of choanoflagellates and metazoans. Additional duplication of Rab9 and Rab7 proteins resulting in several isoforms occurred in the early evolution of vertebrates and next in teleost fishes and tetrapods. Three Rab7 lineages emerged before divergence of monocots and eudicots and subsequent duplications of Rab7 genes occurred in particular angiosperm clades. Interestingly, several Rab7 copies were identified in some representatives of excavates, ciliates and amoebozoans. The presence of many Rab copies is correlated with significant differences in their expression level. The diversification of analysed Rab subfamilies is also manifested by non-conserved sequences and structural features, many of which are involved in the interaction with regulators and effectors. Individual sites discriminating different subgroups of Rab7 and Rab9 GTPases have been identified.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Phylogenetic reconstructions of Rab7 and Rab9 proteins were performed by a variety of methods. These Rab GTPases show diversification both at the phylogenetic, expression and structural levels. The presence of many Rab7 and Rab9 isoforms suggests their functional specialization and complexity of subcellular trafficking even in unicellular eukaryotes. The identified less conserved regions in analysed Rab sequences may directly contribute to such a differentiation.</p

Protocols, performance assessment and consolidation on interfaces for standardization – D3.3

The following document presents a detailed description of the protocol for the “ Control Channels for the Cooperation of the Cognitive Management System ” (C4MS) which provides the necessary means to enable proper management of Opportunistic Networks. Additionally, the document defines the methodology that was applied for the purpose of signalling evaluation. The protocol overview presented in section 2 of the main document, provides the C4MS principles. The section includes, among others, the description of the protocol identifiers, procedures, protocol state machines and message format as well as the security asp ects. Section 3 provides a high-level description of the data structures defined within the scope of OneFIT project. The data structures are classified into five categories, i.e.: Profiles, Context, Decisions,Knowledge and Policies. The high level description is complemented by some detailed data structures in the Appendix to D3.3 Section 3[10]. Section 4 provides details on the evaluation methodology applied for the purpose of C4MS performance assessment. The section presents the evaluation plan along with a description of metrics that are to be exploited in the scope of WP3. Section 5 and Section 6 are composed of the signalling evaluation results. Section 5 focuses on the estimation of the signalling load imposed by ON management in different ON phases. Additionally some results for the initialization phase (not explicitly mentioned in the previous phases of the project)and security related aspects are also depicted. Section 6 on the other hand is focused on the evaluation of the signalling traffic generated by different ON related algorithms. Conclusions to the document are drawn in section 7. Detailed description of the C4MS procedures, implementation options based on IEEE 802.21, DIAMTER and 3GPP are depicted in the appendix to the D3.3[10] . Additionally, the appendix incorporates the detailed definition of the information data structures and final set of Message Sequence Charts (MSCs) provided for the OneFIT project.Peer ReviewedPreprin