An Ethereum-Based Real Estate Application with Tampering-Resilient Document Storage

Plokiahela ja nutilepingute tehnoloogia on võimelised muutma mitmeid tööstusharusid pakkudes hajutatud platvormi detsentraliseeritud rakenduste arendamiseks. Seejuures soovivad mitmed ettevõtted nutilepinguid kasutada äriprotsesside tõhustamiseks. Käesolevas töös me esitleme juhtumiuuringut Singapuris tegutseva kinnisvara rendiga tegeleva ettevõtte kohta, mis integreeris plokiahela ühte oma protsessidest, kuid soovib kogu protsessi nutilepingusse tõsta. Pärast ettevõtte äriprotsesside modelleerimist ning analüüsimist loome piloottarkvara, mille arhitektuur on hübriidne. Ethereumi nutileping integreeritakse traditsioonilisse tsentraliseeritud veebirakendusse. Peale selle tutvustame me võltsimiskindla dokumendihoidla põhimõtet ning lisame selle IPFS näitel pilootprojekti lahendusse. Viimaseks arutleme potentsiaalsete tüüpprobleemide üle, mis võivad plokiahela rakenduse arendamisel tekkida. Pakume võimalikke lahendusi ning kaalume nende tagajärgi.Blockchain and smart contracts technology enables changes in many industries providing a distributed platform for running decentralized applications. Many companies want to adopt smart contracts technology and use it in their business processes to boost the performance. In this work we present the case study of the real estate company in Singapore that partially integrated blockchain into one of its processes, but wants to move the whole process to the smart contract. After modelling and analyzing their business processes, we create a proof-of-concept of a hybrid system that integrates Ethereum smart contract and traditional web application. Also, we introduce the concept of tampering-resilient document storage and extend the baseline solution to add support for such storage that is based on IPFS. Finally, we summarize and discuss the potential problems that can be met during the development of a blockchain-based application. We provide potential solutions and describe their implications

A Blockchain-based traceability system in Agri-Food SME: case study of a traditional bakery

In this paper we present a blockchain based system for the supply chain management of a particular Italian bread. Goal of the system is to guarantee a transparent and auditable traceability of the Carasau bread where each actor of the supply chain can verify the quality of the products and the conformity to the normative about the hygienic-sanitary conditions along the chain. To realize this system we relied on the Blockchain and the Internet of Thing technologies in order to provide a trustless environment, in which trust is placed in cryptography, in mathematical operations and on the network, and not in public or private companies. Thanks to the use of digital technologies the system aims to reduce the data entry errors and the risk of tampering. Our system is designed so that along the supply chain, the nodes equipped with several sensors directly communicate their data to Raspberry Pi units that elaborate and transmit them to Interplanetary File System and to the Ethereum Blockchain. Furthermore, we designed ad hoc Radio Frequency Identification and Near Field communication tags to shortly supply the proposed system with information about the products and batches. The dedicated RFID tags robustness during on-bread operation was numerically tested. The system will easily allow end consumers to have a transparent view on the whole journey from raw material to purchased final product and a supervisory authority to perform online inspections on the products’ quality and on the good working practices

Analysis of web3 solution development principles

In the master's thesis, we researched the principles of Web3 solution development. We studied the blockchain and blockchain-related technology, development of the Web including all versions of the Web and the differences between them. We presented the popular technologies for Web3 development and the most common Web3 solutions with examples. With help of systematic literature review we explored the state-of-art technologies for Web3 solution development and proposed a full-stack for Web3. In the final part we implemented a proof-of-concept Ethereum decentralized application and compared it with equivalent concept of Web2 application. We proposed future work of researching other popular blockchain protocols like Solana or Polygon

Blockchain and self sovereign identity to support quality in the food supply chain

This work presents how a digital identity management system can support food supply chains in guaranteeing the quality of the products marketed and the compliance of the several supplychain’s nodes to standards and technical regulations. Specific goal of this work is to present a system that provides full visibility of process/food certifications, which nowadays are issued by accredited and approved certification bodies (issuers) and delivered and stored in paper version by the several participants (holders) of the supply chain. The system is designed and implemented by combining the latest most innovative and disruptive technologies in the market—Self Sovereign Identity system, Blockchain, and Inter Planetary File System. The crucial aspects that it aims to hit are the storage and access of food/process certifications, and the proper eligibility verification of these certifications exploiting the concepts of the Self Sovereign Identity-based models. The proposed system, realized by using standards that are WWW Consortium-compatible and the Ethereum Blockchain, ensures eligibility, transparency, and traceability of the certifications along a food supply chain, and could be an innovation model/idea that the companies that adopt the Open Innovation paradigm might want to pursue

NFT as a proof of Digital Ownership-reward system integrated to a Secure Distributed Computing Blockchain Framework

Today, the global economy is dependent on the Internet and computational resources. Although they are tightly interconnected, it is difficult to evaluate their degree of interdependence. Keeping up with the pace of technology can be a challenging task, mainly when updating the hardware and software infrastructure. Every day, corporations and governments are faced with this issue; most have been victims of cyber attacks, security breaches, and data leaks. The consequences are significant in monetary losses; damage remediation is unattainable, even impossible, in certain circumstances. The repercussions might include reputational damage, legal responsibility, and threats to national security (when attacks are carried out against critical infrastructures to control the resources of a country), to name a few. Similarly, data has become such an integral part of many industries that it is one of the most critical targets for attackers that often is encrypted by ransomware, stolen, or corrupted. Without data, many companies are not be able to continue operating as they do. The combination of all these factors complicates the ability of organizations to cooperate, trust, and share information in efforts to research and develop solutions for industry and government. A promising technology can assist in significantly reducing the damage caused by the security threats outlined above: Blockchain technology has proven to be one of the most promising inventions of the twenty-first century for transmitting and protecting information while offering high reliability and availability, low exposure to attacks, protected encrypted data, and accessible to the entities willing to participate. Blockchain enabled the possibility to embed immutable data and compiled source code known as ‘smart contract’ where certain rules can be programmed to create business workflows. This thesis report proposes a Blockchain-based infrastructure solution provided by ”Hyperledger Fabric” technology for companies to securely transmit and share information using the latest encryption and data storage technologies operating on the model of distributed systems and smart contracts. By presenting unique digital assets as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT), the infrastructure is able to trust the integrity of the data, while protecting it from counterfeiting. Through the use of a Blockchain-based file storage system known as IPFS, and by connecting all the relevant elements together through a web-based application, it is possible to demonstrate that the implementation of such systems is feasible, highly scalable and a useful tool that many organizations can utilize to create new work systems and workflows for digital asset management

G-DaM: A Distributed Data Storage with Blockchain Framework for Management of Groundwater Quality Data

Groundwater overuse in different domains will eventually lead to global freshwater scarcity. To meet the anticipated demands, many governments worldwide are employing innovative and traditional techniques for forecasting groundwater availability by conducting research and studies. One challenging step for this type of study is collecting groundwater data from different sites and securely sending it to the nearby edges without exposure to hacking and data tampering. In the current paper, we send raw data formats from the Internet of Things to the Distributed Data Storage (DDS) and Blockchain (BC) edges. We use a distributed and decentralized architecture to store the statistics, perform double hashing, and implement access control through smart contracts. This work demonstrates a modern and innovative approach combining DDS and BC technologies to overcome traditional data sharing, and centralized storage, while addressing blockchain limitations. We have shown performance improvements with increased data quality and integrity

Decentralized Review and Attestation of Software Attribute Claims

Software can be described, like human users and other objects, through attributes. For this work, we define software attributes as humanly verifiable, falsifiable, or judgeable statements regarding characteristics of said software. Much like attributes in general, software attributes require robust identities for their source but also for their target, meaning a software in general or a binary in particular. As software can be of critical importance, performing an independent review of attribute claims appears beneficial. We posit that decentralized platforms that were developed and refined over the past decade can bridge the gap between existing tools and methods for software review and their open, transparent, and accountable use for the benefit of users. In this work, we explore the feasibility and implications of decentralizing an independent review of software attribute claims. We envision the decentralization of a review process from initialization and execution to the persistent recording of results. We sketch the available design space by decomposing the overall process into a modular design and describe how each component covers overarching objectives. To illustrate practical implications and tradeoffs, we present ETHDPR, a proof of concept implementation based on Ethereum and IPFS. Through a quantitative and qualitative evaluation, we show that a decentralized software review is practically feasible. We illustrate the flexibility of the proposed approach using a toy example of a software component in automotive systems. Lastly, we provide a discussion on fundamental limits and open issues of facilitating independent reviews via technological means

Designing a Blockchain Model for the Paris Agreement’s Carbon Market Mechanism

This paper examines the benefits and constraints of applying blockchain technology for the Paris Agreement carbon market mechanism and develops a list of technical requirements and soft factors as selection criteria to test the feasibility of two different blockchain platforms. The carbon market mechanism, as outlined in Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement, can accelerate climate action by enabling cooperation between national Parties. However, in the past, carbon markets were limited by several constraints. Our research investigates these constraints and translates them into selection criteria to design a blockchain platform to overcome these past limitations. The developed selection criteria and assumptions developed in this paper provide an orientation for blockchain assessments. Using the selection criteria, we examine the feasibility of two distinct blockchains, Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric, for the specific use case of Article 6.2. These two blockchain systems represent contrary forms of design and governance; Ethereum constitutes a public and permissionless blockchain governance system, while Hyperledger Fabric represents a private and permissioned governance system. Our results show that both blockchain systems can address present carbon market constraints by enhancing market transparency, increasing process automation, and preventing double counting. The final selection and blockchain system implementation will first be possible, when the Article 6 negotiations are concluded, and governance preferences of national Parties are established. Our paper informs about the viability of different blockchain systems, offers insights into governance options, and provides a valuable framework for a concrete blockchain selection in the future.DFG, 414044773, Open Access Publizieren 2019 - 2020 / Technische Universität Berli

Overview on the Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Systematics and Their Scalability Tools

Modern IT technologies shaped the shift in economic models with many advantages on cost, optimization, and time to market. This economic shift has increased the need for transparency and traceability in supply chain platforms to achieve trust among partners. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is proposed to enable supply chains systems with trust requirements. In this paper, we investigate the existing DLT-based supply chain projects to show their technical part and limitations and extract the tools and techniques used to avoid the DLT scalability issue. We then set the requirements for a typical DLT-based supply chain in this context. The analyses are based on the scalability metrics such as computing, data storage, and transaction fees that fit the typical supply chain system. This paper highlights the effects of Blockchain techniques on scalability and their incorporation in supply chains systems. It also presents other existing solutions that can be applied to the supply chain. The investigation shows the necessity of having such tools in supply chains and developing them to achieve an efficient and scalable system. The paper calls for further scalability enhancements throughout introducing new tools and/or reutilize the current ones. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SP1-04 Full Text: PD

Certification of IoT elements using the blockchain

[Abstract]: The non-fungible tokens have been widely used to prove ownership of art and gaming collectibles and used as utility tokens. The use of this tokens in this work is to represent the ownership of the internet of things devices from the manufacturing phase, in the distributed and decentralized public ledger. This physical devices will have attached a token that represent them in the blockchain and the possession of an owner by an unique identifier. Hence, the devices are identified by their public blockchain address and their token that associates them to their owner. Besides, this address allow the Internet of Things devices to participate in the network and establish a shared secret between owner and device. This work, proposes to use the physical unclonable functions to establish a noose between the physical world and the blockchain by deriving the private key of the blockchain address from the physical unclonable functions response. This link is difficult to tamper and can be traced during the lifetime of the token. Moreover, there is no need of using a security module or similar to store the key since the physical unclonable functions response is generated each the private key is needed so that it not stored in a non volatile memory. Once we have the shared secret this are used to cipher the certificates that will be deployed by the owner of the devices on a decentralized storage blockchain like FileCoin or the InterPlanetary File System. This certificates are used to communicate with other devices using standard protocols like Transport Layer Security or Datagram Transport Layer Security. An API called Powergate, is part of the infrastructure of certification of the Internet of Things elements, providing communication with the decentralized storage blockchains.[Resumo]: Os tokens non funxibles utlízanse amplamente para demostrar a propiedade de obxectos de colección de arte e xogos e utilizanse como ”utility tokens”. O uso destes tokens neste traballo é para representar na rede distribuído e descentralizado que é a blockchain, a propiedade dos dispositivos Internet of Things desde o mesmo momento da súa creación, é dicir. durante o proceso de manufactura. A estes dispositivos físicos achégaselles un token que os identifica na blockchain e permite representar a posesión dun propietario mediante un identificador único. Polo tanto, os dispositivos identifícanse pola súa dirección pública na cadea de bloques e o seu token é o que os asocia ao seu propietario. Ademais, esta dirección permite aos dispositivos da Internet of Things participar na rede e establecer un secreto compartido entre propietario e dispositivo. Este traballo, propón utilizar as funcións físicas non clonables para establecer un lazo entre o mundo físico e a blockchain derivando a clave privada da dirección do blockchain a partir da resposta das funcións físicas non clonables. Este vínculo é difícil de manipular e pode ser rastrexado durante a vida do token. Ademais, non é necesario utilizar un módulo de seguridade ou similar para almacenar a clave, xa que a resposta da función física non clonable é xerada durante o proceso de arranque e é guardada nunha memoria non volátil. Unha vez que teñamos o secreto compartido, este utilizarase para cifrar os certificados que serán despregados polo propietario dos dispositivos nunha blockchain de almacenamento descentralizado como FileCoin ou InterPlanetary File System. Estes certificados utilizaranse para comunicarse con outros dispositivos utilizando protocolos estándar como son Datagram Transport Layer Security y Transport Layer Security. Unha API compoñerá a infraestrutura de certificación dos elementos do Internet of Things proporcionando comunicación coas blockchains de almacenamento descentralizadas.Traballo fin de grao (UDC.FIC). Enxeñaría Informática. Curso 2021/202