Construções ditransitivas e estrutura informacional em Português Europeu: quando o OD é um constituinte pesado

O texto analisa a relação entre a estrutura argumental e a estrutura informacional com "core dative verbs" em Português Europeu (PE), especificamente com Objetos Diretos (OD) pesados. Desenvolvendo algumas propostas anteriores, defenderei que o Português Europeu tem uma construção básica em que o OD é projetado como complemento de uma categoria verbal baixa e o OI é projetado em especificador dessa categoria verbal. Como o DP OD sobe para uma posição mais alta por razões de caso, gera-se normalmente uma ordem não marcada V OD OI. Com um OD pesado a ordem é a contrária, V OI OD, e isso pode ser explicado se o OD DP em causa deixar uma cópia baixa que é soletrada. Esta proposta torna desnecessária a ideia de categorias funcionais como Tópico e Foco na periferia esquerda do VP e reforça a conceção de que em línguas como o Português Europeu a estrutura informacional relaciona, de maneira forte, Sintaxe e Fonologia, Sintaxe e Prosódia.The text analyses the relation between argument structure and information structure with "core dative verbs" in European Portuguese (EP), specifically in the constructions with heavy direct objects (DO). Developing some previous analysis , I will argue in favour of the proposal that EP has a basic construction of ditransitives where the DO is projected as complement of a low verbal category and the IO is projected in the specifier position of that verbal category. When the DP DO raises to a higher position because of Case reasons, the order V DO IO is obtained. With a heavy and focalized DO the order is V IO OD and that can be explained if the DP DO leaves a spelled-out copy. This approach makes discursive functional categories such that topic and focus in the left periphery of the Verbal Phrase unnecessary and reinforces the view that in languages like European Portuguese information structure relates, in a very strong way, Syntax and Phonology and Syntax and Prosody

Idiopathic Osteosclerosis of the Jaw in a Brazilian Population: a Retrospective Study

Svrha: Željelo se opisati slučajeve idiopatske osteoskleroze (IO), pripremiti pregled literature o istoj tematici te analizirati glavna svojstva, dijagnoze, diferencijalne dijagnoze i načine liječenja. Materijali i metode: Retrospektivno su analizirana 354 ortopantomograma u potrazi za veličinom, oblikom i lokacijom IO-a te demografske karakteristike pacijenta. Pregled literature u bazama Medline i Lilacs temeljio se na sintagmama idiopatska osteoskleroza, skleroza kosti, otočići guste kosti i čeljusti. Rezultati: Idiopatska osteoskleroza pronađena je na 5,6 posto ortopantomograma (n = 20 pacijenata, 22 fokusa). Pacijenti su bili zdravi, u dobi od 5 do 51 godine (srednja vrijednost = 29,8 godina), a omjer između muškaraca i žena iznosio je 3 : 2. OI je uglavnom uočen u premolarnoj/molarnoj regiji u području apeksa korijena, između korijena, udaljen od zuba, lateralno od zuba te u bezubim područjima. Distribucija između desne i lijeve strane čeljusti bila je podjednaka za svih 22 fokusa, a samo jedan slučaj otkriven je u maksili. IO je dobro lokaliziran i definiran, radioopaktan i uglavnom okrugao ili ovoidan te katkad iregularnog oblika. U nekim slučajevima sliči kondenzirajućem ostitisu, ali diferencijalna dijagnoza može uključivati kompleksni odontom, fokalnu cementnokoštanu displaziju ili zaostatni korijen. O toj je temi pregledano dvadeset istraživanja. Zaključak: Pojavnost IO-a u brazilskoj populaciji iznosi 5,6 posto, raspon godina tijekom istraživanja bio je od 5 do 51 (srednja vrijednost = 29,8), a omjer između muških i ženskih sudionika iznosio je 3 : 2. Radioopaktne lezije uočene su na različitim lokacijama, no najčešće u mandibuli. Ovi rezultati i pregled literature potkrjepljuju hipotezu o idiopatskoj osteosklerozi kao o posljedici varijacije u razvoju normalne kosti, što ne zahtijeva liječenje.Objectives: To report cases of idiopathic osteosclerosis (IO), to review the literature on the subject, and to discuss its main characteristics, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 354 panoramic radiographs, searching for IO, its size, shape, location, and noting patients’ demographic information. Literature review used Medline and Lilacs databases and the terms idiopathic osteosclerosis OR bone sclerosis OR dense bone island AND jaws. Results: IO was identified in 5.6% of the radiographs (n=20 patients, 22 foci). Patients were healthy, with an age ranging from 5 to 51 years (mean=29.8), with male-female ratio of 3:2. IOs were found mainly in the premolar/molar region, at root apices, between roots, away from the teeth, laterally to the tooth, and in edentulous areas. The distribution between right and left sides of the jaw was equal for the 22 foci, with only one case in the maxilla. IOs were localized, well-defined, radiopaque, mostly round or ovoid in shape, but sometimes irregular. In some cases, IOs were similar to condensing osteitis, but differential diagnosis also considered complex odontoma, focal cemento-osseous dysplasia, and residual roots. Twenty studies on the topic were reviewed. Conclusions: Incidence of IO in the Brazilian sample was 5.6%, with age ranging from 5 to 51 years (mean=29.8), and male-female ratio of 3:2. The radiopacities occurred in different locations, with significant prevalence in the mandible. The findings and the literature review corroborate the hypothesis that IO should be considered developmental variation of normal bone that does not require treatment

IO vs OI in Higher-Order Recursion Schemes

We propose a study of the modes of derivation of higher-order recursion schemes, proving that value trees obtained from schemes using innermost-outermost derivations (IO) are the same as those obtained using unrestricted derivations. Given that higher-order recursion schemes can be used as a model of functional programs, innermost-outermost derivations policy represents a theoretical view point of call by value evaluation strategy.Comment: In Proceedings FICS 2012, arXiv:1202.317

Nonterminal Separating Macro Grammars

We extend the concept of nonterminal separating (or NTS) context-free grammar to nonterminal separating $m$-macro grammar where the mode of derivation $m$ is equal to "unrestricted". "outside-in' or "inside-out". Then we show some (partial) characterization results for these NTS $m$-macro grammars

A Comprehensive Review on Food Applications of Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging.

Food product safety is a public health concern. Most of the food safety analytical and detection methods are expensive, labor intensive, and time consuming. A safe, rapid, reliable, and nondestructive detection method is needed to assure consumers that food products are safe to consume. Terahertz (THz) radiation, which has properties of both microwave and infrared, can penetrate and interact with many commonly used materials. Owing to the technological developments in sources and detectors, THz spectroscopic imaging has transitioned from a laboratory-scale technique into a versatile imaging tool with many practical applications. In recent years, THz imaging has been shown to have great potential as an emerging nondestructive tool for food inspection. THz spectroscopy provides qualitative and quantitative information about food samples. The main applications of THz in food industries include detection of moisture, foreign bodies, inspection, and quality control. Other applications of THz technology in the food industry include detection of harmful compounds, antibiotics, and microorganisms. THz spectroscopy is a great tool for characterization of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. Despite its potential applications, THz technology has some limitations, such as limited penetration, scattering effect, limited sensitivity, and low limit of detection. THz technology is still expensive, and there is no available THz database library for food compounds. The scanning speed needs to be improved in the future generations of THz systems. Although many technological aspects need to be improved, THz technology has already been established in the food industry as a powerful tool with great detection and quantification ability. This paper reviews various applications of THz spectroscopy and imaging in the food industry

Regularly Controlled Bidirectional Linear Basic Grammars

We investigate the bidirectional application of grammar productions -- i.e., using the productions in the reversed direction too -- to linear basic grammars. As in the case of regularly controlled bidirectional context-free grammars (or RCB grammars), we provide bidirectional linear basic grammars with a regular control language over the rules (i.e., productions and their corresponding reductions). Our main result shows that under the so-called RS/B/f-mode of derivation, bidirectionality gives rise to a dramatic increase in generating power compared with (regularly controlled unidirectional) linear basic grammars.\ud \u