17 research outputs found
Creation and maintenance of visual incremental maps and hierarchical localization.
Over the last few years, the presence of the mobile robotics has considerably
increased in a wide variety of environments. It is common to find robots that carry
out repetitive and specific applications and also, they can be used for working at
dangerous environments and to perform precise tasks. These robots can be
found in a variety of social environments, such as industry, household,
educational and health scenarios. For that reason, they need a specific and
continuous research and improvement work. Specifically, autonomous mobile
robots require a very precise technology to perform tasks without human
assistance.
To perform tasks autonomously, the robots must be able to navigate in an
unknown environment. For that reason, the autonomous mobile robots must be
able to address the mapping and localization tasks: they must create a model of
the environment and estimate their position and orientation.
This PhD thesis proposes and analyses different methods to carry out the map
creation and the localization tasks in indoor environments. To address these
tasks only visual information is used, specifically, omnidirectional images, with a
360º field of view. Throughout the chapters of this document solutions for
autonomous navigation tasks are proposed, they are solved using
transformations in the images captured by a vision system mounted on the robot.
Firstly, the thesis focuses on the study of the global appearance descriptors in
the localization task. The global appearance descriptors are algorithms that
transform an image globally, into a unique vector. In these works, a deep
comparative study is performed. In the experiments different global appearance
descriptors are used along with omnidirectional images and the results are
compared. The main goal is to obtain an optimized algorithm to estimate the robot
position and orientation in real indoor environments. The experiments take place
with real conditions, so some visual changes in the scenes can occur, such as
camera defects, furniture or people movements and changes in the lighting
conditions. The computational cost is also studied; the idea is that the robot has
to localize the robot in an accurate mode, but also, it has to be fast enought.
Additionally, a second application, whose goal is to carry out an incremental
mapping in indoor environments, is presented. This application uses the best
global appearance descriptors used in the localization task, but this time they are
constructed with the purpose of solving the mapping problem using an
incremental clustering technique. The application clusters a batch of images that
are visually similar; every group of images or cluster is expected to identify a zone
of the environment. The shape and size of the cluster can vary while the robot is
visiting the different rooms. Nowadays. different algorithms can be used to obtain
the clusters, but all these solutions usually work properly when they work ‘offline’,
starting from the whole set of data to cluster. The main idea of this study is
to obtain the map incrementally while the robot explores the new environment.
Carrying out the mapping incrementally while the robot is still visiting the area is very interesting since having the map separated into nodes with relationships of
similitude between them can be used subsequently for the hierarchical
localization tasks, and also, to recognize environments already visited in the
model.
Finally, this PhD thesis includes an analysis of deep learning techniques for
localization tasks. Particularly, siamese networks have been studied. Siamese
networks are based on classic convolutional networks, but they permit evaluating
two images simultaneously. These networks output a similarity value between the
input images, and that information can be used for the localization tasks.
Throughout this work the technique is presented, the possible architectures are
analysed and the results after the experiments are shown and compared. Using
the siamese networks, the localization in real operation conditions and
environments is solved, focusing on improving the performance against
illumination changes on the scene. During the experiments the room retrieval
problem, the hierarchical localization and the absolute localization have been
solved.Durante los últimos años, la presencia de la robótica móvil ha aumentado
substancialmente en una gran variedad de entornos y escenarios. Es habitual
encontrar el uso de robots para llevar a cabo aplicaciones repetitivas y
específicas, así como tareas en entornos peligrosos o con resultados que deben
ser muy precisos. Dichos robots se pueden encontrar tanto en ámbitos
industriales como en familiares, educativos y de salud; por ello, requieren un
trabajo específico y continuo de investigación y mejora. En concreto, los robots
móviles autónomos requieren de una tecnología precisa para desarrollar tareas
sin ayuda del ser humano.
Para realizar tareas de manera autónoma, los robots deben ser capaces de
navegar por un entorno ‘a priori’ desconocido. Por tanto, los robots móviles
autónomos deben ser capaces de realizar la tarea de creación de mapas,
creando un modelo del entorno y la tarea de localización, esto es estimar su
posición y orientación.
La presente tesis plantea un diseño y análisis de diferentes métodos para realizar
las tareas de creación de mapas y localización en entornos de interior. Para estas
tareas se emplea únicamente información visual, en concreto, imágenes
omnidireccionales, con un campo de visión de 360º. En los capítulos de este
trabajo se plantean soluciones a las tareas de navegación autónoma del robot
mediante transformaciones en las imágenes que este es capaz de captar.
En cuanto a los trabajos realizados, en primer lugar, se presenta un estudio de
descriptores de apariencia global en tareas de localización. Los descriptores de
apariencia global son transformaciones capaces de obtener un único vector que
describa globalmente una imagen. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio
exhaustivo de diferentes métodos de apariencia global adaptando su uso a
imágenes omnidireccionales. Se trata de obtener un algoritmo optimizado para
estimar la posición y orientación del robot en entornos reales de oficina, donde
puede surgir cambios visuales en el entorno como movimientos de cámara, de
mobiliario o de iluminación en la escena. También se evalúa el tiempo empleado
para realizar esta estimación, ya que el trabajo de un robot debe ser preciso,
pero también factible en cuanto a tiempos de computación.
Además, se presenta una segunda aplicación donde el estudio se centra en la
creación de mapas de entornos de interior de manera incremental. Esta
aplicación hace uso de los descriptores de apariencia global estudiados para la
tarea de localización, pero en este caso se utilizan para la construcción de mapas
utilizando la técnica de ‘clustering’ incremental. En esta aplicación, conjuntos de
imágenes visualmente similares se agrupan en un único grupo. La forma y
cantidad de grupos es variable conforme el robot avanza en el entorno.
Actualmente, existen diferentes algoritmos para obtener la separación de un
entorno en nodos, pero las soluciones efectivas se realizan de manera ‘off-line’,
es decir, a posteriori una vez se tienen todas las imágenes captadas. El trabajo
presentado permite realizar esta tarea de manera incremental mientras el robot explora el nuevo entorno. Realizar esta tarea mientras se visita el resto del
entorno puede ser muy interesante ya que tener el mapa separado por nodos
con relaciones de proximidad entre ellos se puede ir utilizando para tareas de
localización jerárquica. Además, es posible reconocer entornos ya visitados o
similares a nodos pasados.
Por último, la tesis también incluye el estudio de técnicas de aprendizaje
profundo (‘deep learning’) para tareas de localización. En concreto, se estudia el
uso de las redes siamesas, una técnica poco explorada en robótica móvil, que
está basada en las clásicas redes convolucionales, pero en la que dos imágenes
son evaluadas al mismo tiempo. Estas redes dan un valor de similitud entre el
par de imágenes de entrada, lo que permite realizar tareas de localización visual.
En este trabajo se expone esta técnica, se presentan las estructuras que pueden
tener estas redes y los resultados tras la experimentación. Se evalúa la tarea de
localización en entornos heterogéneos en los que el principal problema viene
dado por cambios en la iluminación de la escena. Con las redes siamesas se
trata de resolver el problema de estimación de estancia, el problema de
localización jerárquica y el de localización absoluta
Model free operational space control of mechanical manipulators
Doctor of Philosoph
Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Autonomous Robot Systems and Competitions
Welcome to ROBOTICA 2009. This is the 9th edition of the conference on Autonomous Robot Systems and Competitions, the third time with IEEE‐Robotics and Automation Society Technical Co‐Sponsorship. Previous editions were held since 2001 in Guimarães, Aveiro, Porto, Lisboa, Coimbra and Algarve. ROBOTICA 2009 is held on the 7th May, 2009, in Castelo Branco , Portugal.
ROBOTICA has received 32 paper submissions, from 10 countries, in South America, Asia and Europe. To evaluate each submission, three reviews by paper were performed by the international program committee. 23 papers were published in the proceedings and presented at the conference. Of these, 14 papers were selected for oral presentation and 9 papers were selected for poster presentation. The global acceptance ratio was 72%.
After the conference, eighth papers will be published in the Portuguese journal Robótica, and the best student paper will be published in IEEE Multidisciplinary Engineering Education Magazine.
Three prizes will be awarded in the conference for: the best conference paper, the best student paper and the best presentation. The last two, sponsored by the IEEE Education Society ‐ Student Activities Committee.
We would like to express our thanks to all participants. First of all to the authors, whose quality work is the essence of this conference. Next, to all the members of the international program committee and reviewers, who helped us with their expertise and valuable time. We would also like to deeply thank the invited speaker, Jean Paul Laumond, LAAS‐CNRS France, for their excellent contribution in the field of humanoid robots. Finally, a word of appreciation for the hard work of the secretariat and volunteers.
Our deep gratitude goes to the Scientific Organisations that kindly agreed to sponsor the Conference, and made it come true.
We look forward to seeing more results of R&D work on Robotics at ROBOTICA 2010, somewhere in Portugal
Sparse Bayesian information filters for localization and mapping
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2008This thesis formulates an estimation framework for Simultaneous Localization and
Mapping (SLAM) that addresses the problem of scalability in large environments.
We describe an estimation-theoretic algorithm that achieves significant gains in computational
efficiency while maintaining consistent estimates for the vehicle pose and
the map of the environment.
We specifically address the feature-based SLAM problem in which the robot represents
the environment as a collection of landmarks. The thesis takes a Bayesian
approach whereby we maintain a joint posterior over the vehicle pose and feature
states, conditioned upon measurement data. We model the distribution as Gaussian
and parametrize the posterior in the canonical form, in terms of the information
(inverse covariance) matrix. When sparse, this representation is amenable to computationally
efficient Bayesian SLAM filtering. However, while a large majority of the
elements within the normalized information matrix are very small in magnitude, it is
fully populated nonetheless. Recent feature-based SLAM filters achieve the scalability
benefits of a sparse parametrization by explicitly pruning these weak links in an effort
to enforce sparsity. We analyze one such algorithm, the Sparse Extended Information
Filter (SEIF), which has laid much of the groundwork concerning the computational
benefits of the sparse canonical form. The thesis performs a detailed analysis of the
process by which the SEIF approximates the sparsity of the information matrix and
reveals key insights into the consequences of different sparsification strategies. We
demonstrate that the SEIF yields a sparse approximation to the posterior that is inconsistent,
suffering from exaggerated confidence estimates. This overconfidence has
detrimental effects on important aspects of the SLAM process and affects the higher
level goal of producing accurate maps for subsequent localization and path planning.
This thesis proposes an alternative scalable filter that maintains sparsity while
preserving the consistency of the distribution. We leverage insights into the natural
structure of the feature-based canonical parametrization and derive a method that
actively maintains an exactly sparse posterior. Our algorithm exploits the structure
of the parametrization to achieve gains in efficiency, with a computational cost that
scales linearly with the size of the map. Unlike similar techniques that sacrifice
consistency for improved scalability, our algorithm performs inference over a posterior
that is conservative relative to the nominal Gaussian distribution. Consequently, we
preserve the consistency of the pose and map estimates and avoid the effects of an
overconfident posterior.
We demonstrate our filter alongside the SEIF and the standard EKF both in simulation
as well as on two real-world datasets. While we maintain the computational
advantages of an exactly sparse representation, the results show convincingly that
our method yields conservative estimates for the robot pose and map that are nearly
identical to those of the original Gaussian distribution as produced by the EKF, but
at much less computational expense.
The thesis concludes with an extension of our SLAM filter to a complex underwater
environment. We describe a systems-level framework for localization and mapping
relative to a ship hull with an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) equipped
with a forward-looking sonar. The approach utilizes our filter to fuse measurements
of vehicle attitude and motion from onboard sensors with data from sonar images of
the hull. We employ the system to perform three-dimensional, 6-DOF SLAM on a
ship hull
Time domain passivity control for delayed teleoperation
Tesis Doctoral para la obtención del Título de Grado de Doctor. x, 204 p. : il., diagr. Fecha de defensa de la Tesis Doctoral: 9 de julio de 2014. Calificación: Sobresaliente cum laudemTelepresence combines dierent sensorial modalities, including vision and touch, to produce a feeling of being present in a remote location. The key element to successfully implement a telepresence system and thus to allow telemanipulation of a remote environment is force feedback. In a telemanipulation, mechanical energy is conveyed from the human operator to the manipulated object found in the remote environment. In general, energy is a property of all physical objects, fundamental to their mutual interactions in which the energy can be transferred among the objects and can change form but cannot be created or destroyed. In this thesis, we exploit this fundamental principle to derive a novel bilateral control mechanism that allows to design stable teleoperation systems with any conceivable communication architecture. The rationale starts from the fact that the mechanical energy injected by a human operator into the system must be conveyed to the remote environment and vice versa. As will be seen, setting energy as a control variable allows a more general treatment of the system than the more conventional setting of specic system variables, as can be position, velocity or force. Through the Time Delay Power Network (TDPN) concept, the issue of dening the energy ows involved in a teleoperation system is solved with independence of the communication architecture. In particular, communication time delays are found to be a source of virtual energy. This fact is observed with delays starting from 1 millisecond. Since this energy is intrinsically added, the resulting teleoperation system can be non-passive and thus become unstable. The Time Delay Power Networks are found to be carriers of the desired exchanged energy but also generators of virtual energy due to the time delay. Once these networks are identied, the Time Domain Passivity Control approach for TDPNs is proposed as a control mechanism to ensure system passivity and therefore, system stability. The proposed method is based on the simple fact that this intrinsically added energy due to the communication must be transformed into dissipation. Then the system becomes closer to the desired one, where only the energy injected from one side of the system is conveyed to the other one. The resulting system presents two qualities: On one hand, system stability is guaranteed through passivity, independently from the chosen control architecture and communication channel; on the other, performance is maximized in terms of energy transfer delity. The proposed methods are sustained with a set of experimental implementations using dierent control architectures and communication delays ranging from 2 to 900 milliseconds. An experiment that includes a communication Space link based on the geostationary satellite ASTRA concludes this thesisPeer Reviewe
MUSME 2011 4 th International Symposium on Multibody Systems and Mechatronics
El libro de actas recoge las aportaciones de los autores a través de los correspondientes artículos a la Dinámica de Sistemas Multicuerpo y la Mecatrónica (Musme). Estas disciplinas se han convertido en una importante herramienta para diseñar máquinas, analizar prototipos virtuales y realizar análisis CAD sobre complejos sistemas mecánicos articulados multicuerpo. La dinámica de sistemas multicuerpo comprende un gran número de aspectos que incluyen la mecánica, dinámica estructural, matemáticas aplicadas, métodos de control, ciencia de los ordenadores y mecatrónica. Los artículos recogidos en el libro de actas están relacionados con alguno de los siguientes tópicos del congreso:
Análisis y síntesis de mecanismos
; Diseño de algoritmos para sistemas mecatrónicos
; Procedimientos de simulación y resultados
; Prototipos y rendimiento
; Robots y micromáquinas
; Validaciones experimentales
; Teoría de simulación mecatrónica
; Sistemas mecatrónicos
; Control de sistemas mecatrónicosUniversitat Politècnica de València (2011). MUSME 2011 4 th International Symposium on Multibody Systems and Mechatronics. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/13224Archivo delegad