Nutrition in tropical aquaculture: Essentials of fish nutrition, feeds, and feeding of tropical aquatic species

This book is intended to teach undergraduate students the essentials of aquaculture nutrition, feed formulation, and feeding management. It serves as a reference book for researchers in aquaculture, aquaculturists, fish farmers, and aquaculture nutritionists. For the basic understanding of the materials presented, it is essential that the students, teachers, and researchers have a good background in chemistry, fish biology, or fisheries. The book covers the subject areas of known nutrient requirements, effects of nutrient deficiencies on various aquatic species, nutrient sources, digestibility, and digestive physiology. Feed formulation, processing and storage, evaluation and quality control, feeding management, as well as the economics of feeding are included. Aspects on feeds and feeding related to the conservation of the aquatic environment are also dealt with. Each chapter of this book has common features such as an introduction, basic concepts, and a summary. Both the basic and practical aspects of fish nutrition are included to give the students and allow the readers who are unfamiliar with the topics a clear understanding and knowledge of these concepts. Study questions at the end of each chapter serve as a guide to summarize and impress on the students the salient points of the subject matter in each chapter. To easily comprehend the subject matter, there is an appendix containing the analytical methods and a glossary of technical terms. The users particularly the students are encouraged to broaden their knowledge by referring to the list of references and suggested readings at the end of each chapter.Collapse All Expand AllForewordAbout the authors and editorsPrefaceChapter 1INTRODUCTION TO NUTRITION IN TROPICAL AQUACULTUREOseni M. MillamenaFeeds in aquacultureFeeds and the environmentSustainable approaches to aquacultureSummarySuggested readingsChapter 2THE ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTSOseni M. MillamenaProteins and amino acidsIntroductionAmino acidsClassification of amino acidsEssential amino acidsNon-essential amino acidsClassification of proteinsProtein structureFate of absorbed amino acidsImportance of amino acid profiles in fish nutritionQualitative amino acid requirementsQuantitative amino acid requirementsDeficiencies and excesses of dietary amino acidsEvaluation of protein qualityProtein requirementGuide questionsLipids and fatty acidsIntroductionTypes of lipidsGeneral function of lipidsFatty acidsStructure and classificationNomenclatureFatty acid composition of fishBiosynthesis of fatty acidsOxidation of fatty acidsLipid peroxidationImportance of fatty acid profiles in fish nutritionEssential Fatty Acid Requirements of FishGuide questionsCarbohydratesIntroductionClassification of carbohydratesMonosaccharidesDisaccharides and oligosaccharidesPolysaccharidesUtilization of carbohydratesGuide questionsEnergyIntroductionUtilization of energyEnergy metabolismEnergy balance and dietary requirementDietary energy requirementGuide questionsVitaminsIntroductionClassification of vitaminsWater-soluble vitaminsLipid-soluble vitaminsVitamin requirements of fishGuide questionsMineralsIntroductionClassification of mineralsGeneral functions of mineralsMineral availabilityMacromineralsMicromineralsMineral supplementation of practical fish dietsMineral requirements of fishGuide questionsSummarySuggested readingsChapter 3FEEDING HABITS AND DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF FISHESIlda G. Borlongan, Relicardo M. Coloso and Nelson V. GolezIntroductionFeeding habits and behaviorAnatomy and physiology of the digestive systemFishesCrustaceansDigestion and absorptionDigestion and absorption of proteinsDigestion and absorption of carbohydratesDigestion and absorption of lipidsMeasurements and analysis used in digestion studiesMeasurements of stomach contentsMeasurement of digestibilityFactors affecting digestion and absorptionFeeding process in fishAppetite and satiationArousal and searchLocation and identificationCaptureTaste testingSwallowing or rejectionSummaryGuide questionsSuggested readingsChapter 4FORMULATION OF AQUAFEEDSMae R. CatacutanIntroductionFeed ingredients for aquacultureFeed formulationPearson’s square and algebraic equation methodsTrial and error methodLinear program for least cost formulationPurified diet formulationSummaryGuide questionsSuggested readingsChapter 5PROCESSING OF FEEDSTUFFS AND AQUAFEEDSNelson V. GolezIntroductionFeedstuff processingDifferent methods of feedstuff processingSoakingHeating and cookingDehullingExtraction with organic solvent and chemical treatmentFeed preparation techniquesGrindingSize grading or sievingWeighingMixingConditioningPelleting and extrusionPellet cooling and dryingPellet crumblerPellet and crumbled feed cleanerProduct packaging and storageSteps in large-scale feed preparationSteps in small-scale feed preparationSteps in larval feed preparationQuality controlFeed mill sanitation and maintenanceSummaryGuide questionsSuggested readingsChapter 6EVALUATION OF FEEDSTUFFS AND AQUAFEEDSMyrna B. TeruelIntroductionPhysical evaluationUse of the sensesFeed microscopyMeasurements of feedstuffs bulk densityAttractabilityWater stabilityChemical evaluationProximate analysisMethods of protein evaluationMethods of lipid evaluationMethod of vitamin evaluationMethods of mineral evaluationMethods of energy determinationAnalysis of toxins in feedsMicrobiological evaluationBiological evaluationParameters to be monitored in a feeding experimentSummaryGuide questionsSuggested readingsChapter 7MANAGEMENT OF FEEDING AQUACULTURE SPECIESVeronica R. AlavaIntroductionFeeding strategies in pond cultureProduction of natural aquatic foodFeeding a supplementary dietFeeding a complete dietFeeding managementSampling and record keepingFeeding rationFeed particle sizeFeed application methodsFeeding, water quality, and the environmentFeeding, oxygen requirements, and water qualityFish farm wastesPerformance measuresBiomassFeed conversion ratioFeeding schemesMilkfishTilapiasRabbitfishBighead carpNative catfishAsian sea bassOrange-spotted grouperMangrove red snapperTiger shrimpMud crabsOther species for Stock enhancementDonkey’s ear abaloneSeahorsesWindow pane oysterSummaryGuide questionsSuggested readingsChapter 8ECONOMICS OF FEEDINGRenato F. AgbayaniIntroductionCost of producing feedsSingle input and single output production functionThe production function and the cost of productionEconomic efficiency of feedsLeast-cost combination of feedsMinimum cost of feed formulation using linear programmingSummaryGuide questionsSuggested readingsAPPENDIXSample worksheet for calculating the nutrient composition of feedMethods of protein analysis (Kjeldahl Method)Crude fat analysis (Soxhtec Method)Lipid extraction (Bligh and Dyer Method)Saponification and transesterificationMethod of peroxide value determinationProcedure of fatty acid value determinationThiobarbituric acid (TBA) value determinationGLOSSARYILLUSTRATION AND PHOTO CREDITSINDEX</div

XVI Agricultural Science Congress 2023: Transformation of Agri-Food Systems for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

The XVI Agricultural Science Congress being jointly organized by the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) during 10-13 October 2023, at hotel Le Meridien, Kochi, is a mega event echoing the theme “Transformation of Agri-Food Systems for achieving Sustainable Development Goals”. ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute takes great pride in hosting the XVI ASC, which will be the perfect point of convergence of academicians, researchers, students, farmers, fishers, traders, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders involved in agri-production systems that ensure food and nutritional security for a burgeoning population. With impeding challenges like growing urbanization, increasing unemployment, growing population, increasing food demands, degradation of natural resources through human interference, climate change impacts and natural calamities, the challenges ahead for India to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set out by the United Nations are many. The XVI ASC will provide an interface for dissemination of useful information across all sectors of stakeholders invested in developing India’s agri-food systems, not only to meet the SDGs, but also to ensure a stable structure on par with agri-food systems around the world. It is an honour to present this Book of Abstracts which is a compilation of a total of 668 abstracts that convey the results of R&D programs being done in India. The abstracts have been categorized under 10 major Themes – 1. Ensuring Food & Nutritional Security: Production, Consumption and Value addition; 2. Climate Action for Sustainable Agri-Food Systems; 3. Frontier Science and emerging Genetic Technologies: Genome, Breeding, Gene Editing; 4. Livestock-based Transformation of Food Systems; 5. Horticulture-based Transformation of Food Systems; 6. Aquaculture & Fisheries-based Transformation of Food Systems; 7. Nature-based Solutions for Sustainable AgriFood Systems; 8. Next Generation Technologies: Digital Agriculture, Precision Farming and AI-based Systems; 9. Policies and Institutions for Transforming Agri-Food Systems; 10. International Partnership for Research, Education and Development. This Book of Abstracts sets the stage for the mega event itself, which will see a flow of knowledge emanating from a zeal to transform and push India’s Agri-Food Systems to perform par excellence and achieve not only the SDGs of the UN but also to rise as a world leader in the sector. I thank and congratulate all the participants who have submitted abstracts for this mega event, and I also applaud the team that has strived hard to publish this Book of Abstracts ahead of the event. I wish all the delegates and participants a very vibrant and memorable time at the XVI ASC

Fish behavior and its use in the capture and culture of fishes

Fishery management, Behaviour, Food fish, Fish culture, Conferences

Hunger classification of Lates calcarifer by means of an automated feeder and image processing

In an automated demand feeder system, underlining the parameters that contribute to fish hunger is crucial in order to facilitate an optimised food allocation to the fish. The present investigation is carried out to classify the hunger state of Lates calcarifer. A video surveillance technique is employed for data collection. The video was taken throughout the daytime, and the fish were fed through an automated feeding system. It was demonstrated through this investigation that the use of such automated system does contribute towards a higher specific growth rate percentage of body weight as well as the total length by approximately 26.00 and 15.00, respectively against the conventional time-based method. Sixteen features were feature engineered from the raw dataset into window sizes ranging from 0.5�min, 1.0�min, 1.5�min and 2.0�min, respectively coupled with the mean, maximum, minimum and variance for each of the distinctive temporal window sizes. In addition, the extracted features were analysed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction as well as PCA with varimax rotation. The data were then classified using a Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Random Forest Tree models. It was demonstrated that the varimax based PCA yielded the highest classification accuracy with eight identified features. The prediction results based of the developed k-NN model on the selected features on the test data exhibited a classification rate of 96.5 was achieved suggesting that the features examined are non-trivial in classifying the fish hunger behaviour

Hunger classification of Lates calcarifer by means of an automated feeder and image processing

In an automated demand feeder system, underlining the parameters that contribute to fish hunger is crucial in order to facilitate an optimised food allocation to the fish. The present investigation is carried out to classify the hunger state of Lates calcarifer. A video surveillance technique is employed for data collection. The video was taken throughout the daytime, and the fish were fed through an automated feeding system. It was demonstrated through this investigation that the use of such automated system does contribute towards a higher specific growth rate percentage of body weight as well as the total length by approximately 26.00% and 15.00%, respectively against the conventional time-based method. Sixteen features were feature engineered from the raw dataset into window sizes ranging from 0.5 min, 1.0 min, 1.5 min and 2.0 min, respectively coupled with the mean, maximum, minimum and variance for each of the distinctive temporal window sizes. In addition, the extracted features were analysed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction as well as PCA with varimax rotation. The data were then classified using a Support Vector Machine (SVM), k- Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Random Forest Tree models. It was demonstrated that the varimax based PCA yielded the highest classification accuracy with eight identified features. The prediction results based of the developed k-NN model on the selected features on the test data exhibited a classification rate of 96.5% was achieved suggesting that the features examined are non-trivial in classifying the fish hunger behaviour

New fish product ideas generated by European consumers

Food lifestyles are changing; people have less time to spend on food purchase and preparation, therefore leading to increasing demand for new food products. However, around 76% of new food products launched in the market fail within the first year (Nielsen, 2014). One of the most effective ways to enhance new products’ success in the market is by incorporating consumers’ opinions and needs during the New Product Development (NPD) process (Moon et al., 2018). This study aimed to explore the usefulness of a qualitative technique, focus groups, to generate new aquaculture fish product ideas as well as to identify the most relevant product dimensions affecting consumers’ potential acceptance.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Safety and Efficacy of Feed Additives in Animal Production

This book focuses on animal nutrition strategies using various feed additives to enhance nutrient digestibility and utilization, modulate the antioxidant capacity, mineral status, immunity, and gut and/or rumen microbiota in livestock. This results in improvements in their growth, performance and production parameters, as well as the quality of animal products

ICT-oriented Strategic Extension for Responsible Fisheries Management

The Course Manual is developed as a part of the ICAR funded Short Course on “ICT -oriented Strategic Extension for Responsible Fisheries Management” held at Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin during 05-25 November, 2013