Dynamic Optimized Bandwidth Management for Teleoperation of Collaborative Robots

A real-time dynamic and optimized bandwidth management algorithm is proposed and used in teleoperated collaborative swarms of robots. This method is effective in complex teleoperation tasks, where several robots rather than one are utilized and where an extensive amount of exchanged information between operators and robots is inevitable. The importance of the proposed algorithm is that it accounts for Interesting Events (IEs) occurring in the system\u27s environment and for the change in the Quality of Collaboration (QoC) of the swarm of robots in order to allocate communication bandwidth in an optimized manner. A general dynamic optimized bandwidth management system for teleoperation of collaborative robots is formulated in this paper. The suggested algorithm is evaluated against two static algorithms applied to a swarm of two humanoid robots. The results demonstrate the advantages of dynamic optimization algorithm in terms of task and network performance. The developed algorithm outperforms two static bandwidth management algorithms, against which it was tested, for all performance parameters in 80% of the performed trials. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that the proposed dynamic bandwidth optimization and allocation algorithm forms the basis of a framework for algorithms applied to real-time highly complex systems

Télé-opération Corps Complet de Robots Humanoïdes

This thesis aims to investigate systems and tools for teleoperating a humanoid robot. Robotteleoperation is crucial to send and control robots in environments that are dangerous or inaccessiblefor humans (e.g., disaster response scenarios, contaminated environments, or extraterrestrialsites). The term teleoperation most commonly refers to direct and continuous control of a robot.In this case, the human operator guides the motion of the robot with her/his own physical motionor through some physical input device. One of the main challenges is to control the robot in a waythat guarantees its dynamical balance while trying to follow the human references. In addition,the human operator needs some feedback about the state of the robot and its work site through remotesensors in order to comprehend the situation or feel physically present at the site, producingeffective robot behaviors. Complications arise when the communication network is non-ideal. Inthis case the commands from human to robot together with the feedback from robot to human canbe delayed. These delays can be very disturbing for the human operator, who cannot teleoperatetheir robot avatar in an effective way.Another crucial point to consider when setting up a teleoperation system is the large numberof parameters that have to be tuned to effectively control the teleoperated robots. Machinelearning approaches and stochastic optimizers can be used to automate the learning of some of theparameters.In this thesis, we proposed a teleoperation system that has been tested on the humanoid robotiCub. We used an inertial-technology-based motion capture suit as input device to control thehumanoid and a virtual reality headset connected to the robot cameras to get some visual feedback.We first translated the human movements into equivalent robot ones by developping a motionretargeting approach that achieves human-likeness while trying to ensure the feasibility of thetransferred motion. We then implemented a whole-body controller to enable the robot to trackthe retargeted human motion. The controller has been later optimized in simulation to achieve agood tracking of the whole-body reference movements, by recurring to a multi-objective stochasticoptimizer, which allowed us to find robust solutions working on the real robot in few trials.To teleoperate walking motions, we implemented a higher-level teleoperation mode in whichthe user can use a joystick to send reference commands to the robot. We integrated this setting inthe teleoperation system, which allows the user to switch between the two different modes.A major problem preventing the deployment of such systems in real applications is the presenceof communication delays between the human input and the feedback from the robot: evena few hundred milliseconds of delay can irremediably disturb the operator, let alone a few seconds.To overcome these delays, we introduced a system in which a humanoid robot executescommands before it actually receives them, so that the visual feedback appears to be synchronizedto the operator, whereas the robot executed the commands in the past. To do so, the robot continuouslypredicts future commands by querying a machine learning model that is trained on pasttrajectories and conditioned on the last received commands.Cette thèse vise à étudier des systèmes et des outils pour la télé-opération d’un robot humanoïde.La téléopération de robots est cruciale pour envoyer et contrôler les robots dans des environnementsdangereux ou inaccessibles pour les humains (par exemple, des scénarios d’interventionen cas de catastrophe, des environnements contaminés ou des sites extraterrestres). Le terme téléopérationdésigne le plus souvent le contrôle direct et continu d’un robot. Dans ce cas, l’opérateurhumain guide le mouvement du robot avec son propre mouvement physique ou via un dispositifde contrôle. L’un des principaux défis est de contrôler le robot de manière à garantir son équilibredynamique tout en essayant de suivre les références humaines. De plus, l’opérateur humain abesoin d’un retour d’information sur l’état du robot et de son site via des capteurs à distance afind’appréhender la situation ou de se sentir physiquement présent sur le site, produisant des comportementsde robot efficaces. Des complications surviennent lorsque le réseau de communicationn’est pas idéal. Dans ce cas, les commandes de l’homme au robot ainsi que la rétroaction du robotà l’homme peuvent être retardées. Ces délais peuvent être très gênants pour l’opérateur humain,qui ne peut pas télé-opérer efficacement son avatar robotique.Un autre point crucial à considérer lors de la mise en place d’un système de télé-opérationest le grand nombre de paramètres qui doivent être réglés pour contrôler efficacement les robotstélé-opérés. Des approches d’apprentissage automatique et des optimiseurs stochastiques peuventêtre utilisés pour automatiser l’apprentissage de certains paramètres.Dans cette thèse, nous avons proposé un système de télé-opération qui a été testé sur le robothumanoïde iCub. Nous avons utilisé une combinaison de capture de mouvement basée sur latechnologie inertielle comme périphérique de contrôle pour l’humanoïde et un casque de réalitévirtuelle connecté aux caméras du robot pour obtenir un retour visuel. Nous avons d’abord traduitles mouvements humains en mouvements robotiques équivalents en développant une approchede retargeting de mouvement qui atteint la ressemblance humaine tout en essayant d’assurer lafaisabilité du mouvement transféré. Nous avons ensuite implémenté un contrôleur du corps entierpour permettre au robot de suivre le mouvement humain reciblé. Le contrôleur a ensuite étéoptimisé en simulation pour obtenir un bon suivi des mouvements de référence du corps entier,en recourant à un optimiseur stochastique multi-objectifs, ce qui nous a permis de trouver dessolutions robustes fonctionnant sur le robot réel en quelques essais.Pour télé-opérer les mouvements de marche, nous avons implémenté un mode de télé-opérationde niveau supérieur dans lequel l’utilisateur peut utiliser un joystick pour envoyer des commandesde référence au robot. Nous avons intégré ce paramètre dans le système de télé-opération, ce quipermet à l’utilisateur de basculer entre les deux modes différents.Un problème majeur empêchant le déploiement de tels systèmes dans des applications réellesest la présence de retards de communication entre l’entrée humaine et le retour du robot: mêmequelques centaines de millisecondes de retard peuvent irrémédiablement perturber l’opérateur,encore plus quelques secondes. Pour surmonter ces retards, nous avons introduit un système danslequel un robot humanoïde exécute des commandes avant de les recevoir, de sorte que le retourvisuel semble être synchronisé avec l’opérateur, alors que le robot exécutait les commandes dansle passé. Pour ce faire, le robot prédit en permanence les commandes futures en interrogeant unmodèle d’apprentissage automatique formé sur les trajectoires passées et conditionné aux dernièrescommandes reçues

Haptic-Guided Teleoperation of a 7-DoF Collaborative Robot Arm With an Identical Twin Master

In this article, we describe two techniques to enable haptic-guided teleoperation using 7-DoF cobot arms as master and slave devices. A shortcoming of using cobots as master-slave systems is the lack of force feedback at the master side. However, recent developments in cobot technologies have brought in affordable, flexible, and safe torque-controlled robot arms, which can be programmed to generate force feedback to mimic the operation of a haptic device. In this article, we use two Franka Emika Panda robot arms as a twin master-slave system to enable haptic-guided teleoperation. We propose a two layer mechanism to implement force feedback due to 1) object interactions in the slave workspace, and 2) virtual forces, e.g. those that can repel from static obstacles in the remote environment or provide task-related guidance forces. We present two different approaches for force rendering and conduct an experimental study to evaluate the performance and usability of these approaches in comparison to teleoperation without haptic guidance. Our results indicate that the proposed joint torque coupling method for rendering task forces improves energy requirements during haptic guided telemanipulation, providing realistic force feedback by accurately matching the slave torque readings at the master side

Model-Augmented Haptic Telemanipulation: Concept, Retrospective Overview, and Current Use Cases

Certain telerobotic applications, including telerobotics in space, pose particularly demanding challenges to both technology and humans. Traditional bilateral telemanipulation approaches often cannot be used in such applications due to technical and physical limitations such as long and varying delays, packet loss, and limited bandwidth, as well as high reliability, precision, and task duration requirements. In order to close this gap, we research model-augmented haptic telemanipulation (MATM) that uses two kinds of models: a remote model that enables shared autonomous functionality of the teleoperated robot, and a local model that aims to generate assistive augmented haptic feedback for the human operator. Several technological methods that form the backbone of the MATM approach have already been successfully demonstrated in accomplished telerobotic space missions. On this basis, we have applied our approach in more recent research to applications in the fields of orbital robotics, telesurgery, caregiving, and telenavigation. In the course of this work, we have advanced specific aspects of the approach that were of particular importance for each respective application, especially shared autonomy, and haptic augmentation. This overview paper discusses the MATM approach in detail, presents the latest research results of the various technologies encompassed within this approach, provides a retrospective of DLR's telerobotic space missions, demonstrates the broad application potential of MATM based on the aforementioned use cases, and outlines lessons learned and open challenges

Development of the mirror system with humanoid robots

This project focuses in the concept of robot teleoperation and how to make it easier for any type of user. The use of robots requires in most of the cases high knowledge in the area which restrict their use to people specifically prepared for the task. For that reason it is essential for everybody the research for controlling robots using simpler techniques approaching the robotics for everybody. In this project, the user will use the simplest way to control the robot arms and using his/her own arms in the same way that he/she wants to move the robot arms. For reaching that goal, the project assumes the use of Microsoft Kinect device that capture everything the user does. Then a computer will process it and send the information to the robot, in this case a NAO robot. For that reason, the teleoperation is simple and possible even to old people or children. This type of interface opens the door to infinite possibilities and creates a solid foundation on which to establish future knowledge.Ingeniería Informátic