Machine Learning Overview

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Scientific Argumentation as a Foundation for the Design of Inquiry-Based Science Instruction

Despite the attention that inquiry has received in science education research and policy, a coherent means for implementing inquiry in the classroom has been missing [1]. In recent research, scientific argumentation has received increasing attention for its role in science and in science education [2]. In this article, we propose that organizing a unit of instruction around building a scientific argument can bring inquiry practices together in the classroom in a coherent way. We outline a framework for argumentation, focusing on arguments that are central to science—arguments for the best explanation. We then use this framework as the basis for a set of design principles for developing a sequence of inquiry-based learning activities that support students in the construction of a scientific argument. We show that careful analysis of the argument that students are expected to build provides designers with a foundation for selecting resources and designing supports for scientific inquiry. Furthermore, we show that creating multiple opportunities for students to critique and refine their explanations through evidence-based argumentation fosters opportunities for critical thinking, while building science knowledge and knowledge of the nature of science

Teaching Arithmetic Sequences Using Situated Problem Solving Tasks

This curriculum project was developed to help teachers educate students about arithmetic sequences using an inquiry-based situative approach. The curriculum incorporates meaningful contexts within problem solving tasks to help students make connections between linear functions and arithmetic sequences. The materials are aligned to the Algebra I standards within the Common Core Learning Standards (CCLS)

Teaching in the First Year Writing Course

Teaching for transfer, peer review, grammar in the context of writing, and teaching technical writing are four subjects addressed in this capstone project. The first two are addressed in seminar papers and the last two in actual lesson plans

Applying science of learning in education: Infusing psychological science into the curriculum

The field of specialization known as the science of learning is not, in fact, one field. Science of learning is a term that serves as an umbrella for many lines of research, theory, and application. A term with an even wider reach is Learning Sciences (Sawyer, 2006). The present book represents a sliver, albeit a substantial one, of the scholarship on the science of learning and its application in educational settings (Science of Instruction, Mayer 2011). Although much, but not all, of what is presented in this book is focused on learning in college and university settings, teachers of all academic levels may find the recommendations made by chapter authors of service. The overarching theme of this book is on the interplay between the science of learning, the science of instruction, and the science of assessment (Mayer, 2011). The science of learning is a systematic and empirical approach to understanding how people learn. More formally, Mayer (2011) defined the science of learning as the “scientific study of how people learn” (p. 3). The science of instruction (Mayer 2011), informed in part by the science of learning, is also on display throughout the book. Mayer defined the science of instruction as the “scientific study of how to help people learn” (p. 3). Finally, the assessment of student learning (e.g., learning, remembering, transferring knowledge) during and after instruction helps us determine the effectiveness of our instructional methods. Mayer defined the science of assessment as the “scientific study of how to determine what people know” (p.3). Most of the research and applications presented in this book are completed within a science of learning framework. Researchers first conducted research to understand how people learn in certain controlled contexts (i.e., in the laboratory) and then they, or others, began to consider how these understandings could be applied in educational settings. Work on the cognitive load theory of learning, which is discussed in depth in several chapters of this book (e.g., Chew; Lee and Kalyuga; Mayer; Renkl), provides an excellent example that documents how science of learning has led to valuable work on the science of instruction. Most of the work described in this book is based on theory and research in cognitive psychology. We might have selected other topics (and, thus, other authors) that have their research base in behavior analysis, computational modeling and computer science, neuroscience, etc. We made the selections we did because the work of our authors ties together nicely and seemed to us to have direct applicability in academic settings

Teaching a foreing language to students with communication and language disorders: an intervention proposal

This paper centers on the teaching of a foreign language to students with communication and language disorders. More specifically, it deals with disorders associated with the communicative field e.g. Selective/Elective mutism; language disorders e.g. Aphasia and Dysphasia; and speech disorders e.g. Dysphonia, Dyslalia, Dysglossia, Dysarthria, and Dysphemia. Therefore, I consider that this work can provide with useful information on how to teach students suffering these disorders. Firstly, as a non-native English speaker, researching on this particular area will help me in the sense that it will give me more knowledge about the teaching of English Grammar in general terms and about the disorders at stake. Secondly, as an early-stage researcher, I will become familiar with the procedure of reviewing scientific literature, collecting data, interpreting results and designing my own intervention proposal. Moreover, it has provided me with the opportunity to undertake research on topic of Attention to diversity, specifically on the communication and language disorders. I have selected this field given that researchers have worked on the topics of teaching English grammar, or Attention to diversity, or communication and language disorders. Nonetheless, I have found an information gap on how to teach a second language to students suffering language impairments.Departamento de Didáctica de la Lengua y LiteraturaMáster en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanzas de Idioma

Teaching tactual discrimination of braille characters to beginning braille readers

We taught three children with visual impairments to make tactual discriminations of the braille alphabet within a matching-to-sample format. That is, we presented participants with a braille character as a sample stimulus and they were to select the matching stimulus from an array of three comparisons. In order to minimize participant errors, we arranged braille characters into training sets in which the target and non-target stimuli in the comparison arrays were initially maximally different in terms of the number of dots comprising each character. As participants mastered these discriminations, we then increased the similarity between target and non-target comparisons (i.e., an approximation of stimulus fading). All three participants’ accuracy systematically increased following the introduction of this procedure