519,542 research outputs found

    Willingness to Pay for Community Health Fund Card in Mtwara Rural District,Tanzania

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    \ud The Ministry of Health in Tanzania has established a new programme in the primary health care service. CHF is a district-level prepayment scheme targeted at the rural population.CHF starts in 1995 on a pilot basis in one district and in 2003 has to be implemented in all districts. Mtwara Rural District is in the implantation stage. This study was proposed for assisting the district in pricing the health service and developing recommendations for the process of CHF implementation. It is focused primarily on the willingness of the population to pay for a CHF card.Price is not the only factor related to willingness to join the CHF. Complex human behavior,choices and motivation can also determine it. The result of the survey have drawn up the demand curve and constructed the chart of expected revenues from CHF card. Next stage was estimating the health Facility costs in order to find out the amount of funds to be collected. The CHF card rates proposed are based in maximizing the population under the health care system and covering the HF costs. The questionnaire prepared for the survey includes a section to know the opinion of respondents about the quality of care provided by MoH health facilities. According to the data obtained, the study proposed to establish the Tanzania national drug programme(Indent System),before CHF. Indent System changes the drug supply system and might improve the health quality. Experiences in Africa countries are also reviewed. This section contents the constraints identifies in other studies about different systems of payment. Evidence demonstrates the dangers associated with charging clients at the point of use of health service. Almost invariably payment systems have the affect of dissuading the poor from ccessing this services. Exemption mechanisms attempting to mitigate this impact have not tended to work. The experiences suggests querying some issues about CHF. The study is addressed to two audiences , MRD and MSF. This factor made complex drawing up the document. It was prepared with a view to: Pricing the health care services ,Developing recommendations for the CHF implementation in MRD and Providing qualitative information about the side effects of payment systems in the health care sector.\u

    Take me on a ride: The role of environmentalist identity for carpooling

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    Sharing does not need to involve corporate providers but can also happen on a peer-to‐ peer (P2P) basis. P2P sharing platforms who match private providers and users are thus dealing with two different customer segments. An example of this is carpooling, the sharing of a car journey. Recent years have seen considerable research on why people use sharing services. In contrast, there is little knowledge of why people may offer a good for sharing purposes. Drawing on identity theory, this paper suggests that users and providers of carpooling need to be addressed differently. A pilot study and two studies, including both actual car owners and nonowners confirm that the extent to which one identifies as an environmentalist predicts car owners' willingness to offer carpooling, but does not affect nonowners' willingness to use carpooling services. These findings remain robust when controlling for various potential confounds. Furthermore, Study 2 suggests that an environmentalist identity plays an important role for car owners' actual decision to offer a ride via an online platform. These results suggest that marketers of P2P platforms need to pursue different strategies when addressing potential users and providers on the same platform

    The Impact of Wikileaks on the Public Opinion of Online Privacy

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    Innovative financing mechanisms for sustainable ecosystem management

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    The increasing human influence on ecosystems and the ensuing unsustainable exploitation and degradation has led in many places to depletion and loss of function of these ecosystems. These problems cannot be solved by (innovative) financing mechanisms, as the causes do not lie in a lack of financing mechanisms. Although decifit in funding in general is an important issue - the amount of finance available for ecosystems and biodiversity falls short of the funding neede

    Resolution, Recovery and Survival: The Evolution of Payment Disputes in Post-Socialist Europe

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    What determines the mechanism chosen to resolve a commercial dispute? To what degree does the aggrieved recover damages? And does the relationship survive in the aftermath? The answers to these questions affect expectations as to the costs of transacting and, thereby, the development of markets. But they have received almost no attention in the economic literature on the post-socialist transition. This article exploits a rich survey of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in three post-socialist countries to explain behavioral responses to an inter-firm payment dispute. Particular attention is given to how the evolution of disputes is sensitive to both the geographic distance between trade partners and membership in a business association.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40147/3/wp761.pd

    Eliciting trade-offs between water charges and service benefits in Scotland. ESRI Working Paper No. 655 March 2020

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    If it is the responsibility of a regulatory body to decide where to prioritise future investment, then it is important to understand the priorities of the citizenry it represents. This paper, in collaboration with the OECD and the Scottish water industry, presents the results of an online (n= 500) and face-to-face laboratory (n= 99) study that utilised experimental behavioural science to explore how Scottish citizens trade-off costs and potential improvements to their water service. Participants’ priorities for investment were elicited using a novel ‘slider task’ methodology that forced them to explicitly consider the trade-offs required to allocate limited resources across multiple possible water service improvements. The provision of additional cost and timing information was systematically varied. Results suggest that citizens are increasingly accepting of price rises when provided this information. Results also suggest that citizens’ priorities for specific improvements are not sensitive to the costs of different improvements but are sensitive to the lengths of time improvements take to be made. Findings from this study are designed to inform the regulatory process of the Scottish water industry and highlight the potential role of behavioural science in regulation more generally

    On trade-offs between timber and biodiversity

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    For a long time the primary aim of forestry in Sweden has been the production of timber, but in recent decades other functions, such as biodiversity, have been increasingly recognised by society. Sweden has ambitious goals for forest management, aimed at serving public interests, providing valuable timber yields and preserving biodiversity. Achieving the level of various goods that forests shall provide, under such goals, is thus rather complex. This thesis focuses on trade-offs between production of timber and the maintenance of biodiversity in forests, and the effects of information on benefits, costs and biological traits. In Paper I the benefit of forest land protection was estimated based on a nation wide contingent valuation survey. Paper II examined and compared, through survey data, the attitudes among private forest owners and forest officers. Papers III and IV used data from a field inventory in old growth forests (>110 years of age) of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in the county of GĂ€vleborg, Sweden. In Paper III the relative importance of information about costs and biological traits in reserve selection was examined. In Paper IV the cost-efficiency of different strategies for setting aside forests, using different biodiversity targets, were analysed. The thesis revealed a positive willingness to pay for forest land protection among Swedish citizens, and also a positive attitude among private forest owners to biodiversity as well as timber production. The views of forest owners and forest officers did not always coincide. Moreover, the relative importance of including data on costs and conservation benefits depended on how the conservation goal of the reserve network was formulated. There was also a difference in cost-effectiveness between different nature conservation strategies and biodiversity targets. The results emphasise the importance of achieving cost-effective solutions in biodiversity conservation through the proper use of information about biological traits and costs, as well as considering values and attitudes held by different interest groups in society

    Private Sector Participation in the Provision of Quality Drinking Water in Ghana's Urban Areas: Are People Willing to Pay?

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    Access to clean drinking water is not only a fundamental human right, but also claims a big stake in economic growth, poverty reduction and sustainable development. With an increase in population, rapid urbanization and increasing income levels, the demand for water outstrips public water supply in developing countries. As a result, private water production has been promoted in developing countries to achieve greater efficiency and expansion in order to supplement public water supply. This study used the contingent valuation method to survey households in three cities in Ghana to estimate their willingness to pay in a bid to evaluate a policy of better water supply for urban areas in Ghana. It was found that more than 80% of the respondents favour some form of private sector engagement in water quality improvement. Also, the mean willingness to pay for water quality improvement is about GHÂą13.42 (US$12) per month. Given the mean household monthly water bill of GHÂą10.82, these results indicate that there is demand for water quality improvement and the general view is that private sector engagement is likely to provide these services. However, the same policy measure will marginalize the poor in terms of access to water. Therefore, private sector participation in water delivery, with a corresponding complementary government programme to promote access to water among low income households, would deliver the double dividends of water quality and universal access, which characterize the debate on private sector engagement in water provision in Ghana

    A computational theory of willingness to exchange, ESRI working paper no. 477, January 2014

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    A new model of exchange is presented following Marr’s conception of a “computational theory”. The model combines assumptions from perceptual theory and economic theory to develop a highly generalised formal model. The approach departs from previous models by focussing not on how ownership alters preferences, but instead on difficulties inherent in the process of exchange in real markets. Agents treat their own perceptual uncertainty when valuing a potential exchange item as a signal regarding the variability of potential bids and offers. The analysis shows how optimising agents, with no aversion to risk or loss, will produce an endowment effect of variable degree, in line with empirical findings. The model implies that the endowment effect is not a laboratory finding that may not occur in real markets, but rather a market phenomenon that may not occur in the laboratory
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