Geometric reasoning via internet crowdsourcing

The ability to interpret and reason about shapes is a peculiarly human capability that has proven difficult to reproduce algorithmically. So despite the fact that geometric modeling technology has made significant advances in the representation, display and modification of shapes, there have only been incremental advances in geometric reasoning. For example, although today's CAD systems can confidently identify isolated cylindrical holes, they struggle with more ambiguous tasks such as the identification of partial symmetries or similarities in arbitrary geometries. Even well defined problems such as 2D shape nesting or 3D packing generally resist elegant solution and rely instead on brute force explorations of a subset of the many possible solutions. Identifying economic ways to solving such problems would result in significant productivity gains across a wide range of industrial applications. The authors hypothesize that Internet Crowdsourcing might provide a pragmatic way of removing many geometric reasoning bottlenecks.This paper reports the results of experiments conducted with Amazon's mTurk site and designed to determine the feasibility of using Internet Crowdsourcing to carry out geometric reasoning tasks as well as establish some benchmark data for the quality, speed and costs of using this approach.After describing the general architecture and terminology of the mTurk Crowdsourcing system, the paper details the implementation and results of the following three investigations; 1) the identification of "Canonical" viewpoints for individual shapes, 2) the quantification of "similarity" relationships with-in collections of 3D models and 3) the efficient packing of 2D Strips into rectangular areas. The paper concludes with a discussion of the possibilities and limitations of the approach

A Simulation-Based Approach to Understanding the Wisdom of Crowds Phenomenon in Aggregating Expert Judgment

Research has shown that aggregation of independent expert judgments significantly improves the quality of forecasts as compared to individual expert forecasts. This “wisdom of crowds” (WOC) has sparked substantial interest. However, previous studies on strengths and weaknesses of aggregation algorithms have been restricted by limited empirical data and analytical complexity. Based on a comprehensive analysis of existing knowledge on WOC and aggregation algorithms, this paper describes the design and implementation of a static stochastic simulation model to emulate WOC scenarios with a wide range of parameters. The model has been thoroughly evaluated: the assumptions are validated against propositions derived from literature, and the model has a computational representation. The applicability of the model is demonstrated by investigating aggregation algorithm behavior on a detailed level, by assessing aggregation algorithm performance, and by exploring previously undiscovered suppositions on WOC. The simulation model helps expand the understanding of WOC, where previous research was restricted. Additionally, it gives directions for developing aggregation algorithms and contributes to a general understanding of the WOC phenomenon

A GENERAL MODEL FOR NOISY LABELS IN MACHINE LEARNING

Machine learning is an ever-growing and increasingly pervasive presence in every-day life; we entrust these models, and systems built on these models, with some of our most sensitive information and security applications. However, for all of the trust that we place in these models, it is essential to recognize the fact that such models are simply reflections of the data and labels on which they are trained. To wit, if the data and labels are suspect, then so too must be the models that we rely on—yet, as larger and more comprehensive datasets become standard in contemporary machine learning, it becomes increasingly more difficult to obtain reliable, trustworthy label information. While recent work has begun to investigate mitigating the effect of noisy labels, to date this critical field has been disjointed and disconnected, despite the common goal. In this work, we propose a new model of label noise, which we call “labeler-dependent noise (LDN).” LDN extends and generalizes the canonical instance-dependent noise model to multiple labelers, and unifies every pre-ceding modeling strategy under a single umbrella. Furthermore, studying the LDN model leads us to propose a more general, modular framework for noise-robust learning called “labeler-aware learning (LAL).” Our comprehensive suite of experiments demonstrate that unlike previous methods that are unable to remain robust under the general LDN model, LAL retains its full learning capabilities under extreme, and even adversarial, conditions of label noise. We believe that LDN and LAL should mark a paradigm shift in how we learn from labeled data, so that we may both discover new insights about machine learning, and develop more robust, trustworthy models on which to build our daily lives

Vital Relations and Major Structural Relationships: Heuristic Approaches to Observe and Explore Biblical and Other Discourse

In their book, The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities (2002), Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner describe within Conceptual Integration Theory (CIT) a set of “vital relations” (VRs) at the core of meaning making that compress and blend ideas simultaneously. “Compression in blending networks operates on a surprisingly small set of relations rooted in fundamental human neurobiology and shared social experience. These vital relations, which include Cause-Effect, Change, Time, Identity, Intentionality, Representation, and Part-Whole, not only apply across mental spaces but also define essential topology within mental spaces” (xiii). Additional VRs include Role, Analogy, Disanalogy, Property, Similarity, Category, Intentionality, and Uniqueness. Taken as a whole, these VRs correspond quite well with Major Structural Relationships (MSRs) as used in Inductive Bible Study (IBS), which include Recurrence, Comparison, Contrast, Introduction, Causation, Substantiation, Generalization, Particularization, Summarization, Problem-Solution, Instrumentation, Pivot, and Climax. These MSRs are ubiquitous and observable across all types of human communication. The observation of MSRs occurs at all levels of discourse (phrases, clause, paragraph, sections, units, and discourse as a whole). In written discourse, these relations are both explicitly marked through conjunctions and particles and implicitly indicated through literary arrangement and inference. This article explores how VRs and MSRs mutually inform one another, and illustrate through many examples how the application of VRs and MSRs may successfully instruct students of Scripture, not only to make acute observations of biblical materials, but also of all human discourse

TCitySmartF: A comprehensive systematic framework for transforming cities into smart cities

A shared agreed-upon definition of "smart city" (SC) is not available and there is no "best formula" to follow in transforming each and every city into SC. In a broader inclusive definition, it can be described as an opportunistic concept that enhances harmony between the lives and the environment around those lives perpetually in a city by harnessing the smart technology enabling a comfortable and convenient living ecosystem paving the way towards smarter countries and the smarter planet. SCs are being implemented to combine governors, organisations, institutions, citizens, environment, and emerging technologies in a highly synergistic synchronised ecosystem in order to increase the quality of life (QoL) and enable a more sustainable future for urban life with increasing natural resource constraints. In this study, we analyse how to develop citizen- and resource-centric smarter cities based on the recent SC development initiatives with the successful use cases, future SC development plans, and many other particular SC development solutions. The main features of SC are presented in a framework fuelled by recent technological advancement, particular city requirements and dynamics. This framework - TCitySmartF 1) aims to aspire a platform that seamlessly forges engineering and technology solutions with social dynamics in a new philosophical city automation concept - socio-technical transitions, 2) incorporates many smart evolving components, best practices, and contemporary solutions into a coherent synergistic SC topology, 3) unfolds current and future opportunities in order to adopt smarter, safer and more sustainable urban environments, and 4) demonstrates a variety of insights and orchestrational directions for local governors and private sector about how to transform cities into smarter cities from the technological, social, economic and environmental point of view, particularly by both putting residents and urban dynamics at the forefront of the development with participatory planning and interaction for the robust community- and citizen-tailored services. The framework developed in this paper is aimed to be incorporated into the real-world SC development projects in Lancashire, UK

European day-ahead electricity price forecasting

Dans le contexte de l’augmentation de la part de la production énergétique provenant de sources renouvelables imprévisibles, les prix de l’électricité sont plus volatiles que jamais. Cette volatilité rend la prévision des prix plus difficile mais en même temps de plus grande valeur. Dans cette recherche, une analyse comparative de 8 modèles de prévision est effectuée sur la tâche de prédire les prix de gros de l’électricité du lendemain en France, en Allemagne, en Belgique et aux Pays-Bas. La méthodologie utilisée pour produire les prévisions est expliquée en détail. Les différences de précision des prévisions entre les modèles sont testées pour leur signification statistique. La méthode de gradient boosting a produit les prévisions les plus précises, suivi de près par une méthode d’ensemble.In the context of the increase in the fraction of power generation coming from unpredictable renewable sources, electricity prices are as volatile as ever. This volatility makes forecasting future prices more difficult yet more valuable. In this research, a benchmark of 8 forecasting models is conducted on the task of predicting day-ahead wholesale electricity prices in France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. The methodology used to produce the forecasts is explained in detail. The differences in forecast accuracy between the models are tested for statistical significance. Gradient boosting produced the most accurate forecasts, closely followed by an ensemble method

A collaborative approach to IR evaluation

textIn this thesis we investigate two main problems: 1) inferring consensus from disparate inputs to improve quality of crowd contributed data; and 2) developing a reliable crowd-aided IR evaluation framework. With regard to the first contribution, while many statistical label aggregation methods have been proposed, little comparative benchmarking has occurred in the community making it difficult to determine the state-of-the-art in consensus or to quantify novelty and progress, leaving modern systems to adopt simple control strategies. To aid the progress of statistical consensus and make state-of-the-art methods accessible, we develop a benchmarking framework in SQUARE, an open source shared task framework including benchmark datasets, defined tasks, standard metrics, and reference implementations with empirical results for several popular methods. Through the development of SQUARE we propose a crowd simulation model that emulates real crowd environments to enable rapid and reliable experimentation of collaborative methods with different crowd contributions. We apply the findings of the benchmark to develop reliable crowd contributed test collections for IR evaluation. As our second contribution, we describe a collaborative model for distributing relevance judging tasks between trusted assessors and crowd judges. Based on prior work's hypothesis of judging disagreements on borderline documents, we train a logistic regression model to predict assessor disagreement, prioritizing judging tasks by expected disagreement. Judgments are generated from different crowd models and intelligently aggregated. Given a priority queue, a judging budget, and a ratio for expert vs. crowd judging costs, critical judging tasks are assigned to trusted assessors with the crowd supplying remaining judgments. Results on two TREC datasets show significant judging burden can be confidently shifted to the crowd, achieving high rank correlation and often at lower cost vs. exclusive use of trusted assessors.Computer Science

Transgovernance: Advancing Sustainability Governance

Political Science, general; Social Policy; Business Ethics; Non-Profit Enterprises/Corporate Social Responsibility; Sustainable Developmen