The Role of Parents’ Gender Stereotyped Attitudes and Gender Typed Toy Preferences in Children’s Future Career Aspirations

Gender roles play a significant role in the lives of many individuals. One important area in which gender roles have a prominent impact is the career choices of children. Children’s attitudes and beliefs about vocational interests are often shaped by the values and beliefs held by their parents, as well as the toys that they play with during childhood. This dissertation will review existing literature about how parents’ gender stereotyped attitudes and gender-typed toys can influence children’s perception of gender roles and their career preferences

Work meaning constructions by lay community health workers in an HIV/AIDS palliative care setting : community and adult education perspectives

Ph.D. (Education)Lay community health workers (LCHWs) have received increased attention in recent years as many global health programmes emphasise their potential for improving community health. As with many community organisations worldwide, particularly in South Africa, the number of people affected and infected with HIV/AIDS is increasing, directly affecting the palliative care needs of patients, their immediate families, orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). Many of the affected and infected patients, orphans and vulnerable children reach a stage where they can no longer care for themselves or their families, which is why palliative care community organisations are emerging and now becoming more responsible for providing the support and care needed. Lay community health workers have become a solution and community organisations make use of their services to provide constant palliative care to those in need of it in their local and surrounding communities. We, however, do not have any understanding of what happens in those palliative care community organisations, with the employees and volunteer workers, and what meaning they construct about the work they do. We need to understand how lay community health workers perceive their work, and their roles as carers in community organisations providing extensive palliative care to patients, orphans and vulnerable children. It is against this background that this research looks into how lay community health workers’ construct work meaning about their roles as palliative carers in community organisations. This research focused specifically on lay community health workers from Bronkhorstspruit, working at a community organisation in Sizanani Village ..

A Guide to Public Engagement And School Finance Litigation - 2008

Lawsuits challenging the constitutionality of public education funding systems are currently underway in 21 states.1 Litigation represents an opportunity to restructure the ways in which public education is financed, expanded, and delivered to children across the country. Public engagement plays a uniquely important role to ensure real improvement in our schools. Public Education Network ("PEN") has developed this Guide to encourage community-based organizations to employ public engagement strategies while school finance litigation takes place in their states. While litigation may at times seem daunting and complex to non-lawyers, community-based organizations can do much to become involved in the process. Organizations can utilize public engagement strategies to ensure that the outcome of the litigation reflects the interests of constituent groups and the public.This Guide is organized to make the process of school finance litigation meaningful and accessible to a large audience. What does school finance litigation mean? How does it come about? Whom does it affect? What options and outcomes does it make available to communities? These are among the many questions and practical considerations addressed in this Guide.The Guide is divided into three sections:An introductory section explains why public engagement and community involvement are critical in the fight for public school resources, and how community-based organizations can play active and direct roles in helping to secure resources for public schools.The second section explains how education finance policy is made in theory and practice. Historically, what has been the role of the legislature, the court, and the school district in the policymaking process?The third section explores where local education funds ("LEF") and other communitybased organizations fit into this process. We articulate a four-phase approach for community-based organizations to impact school finance litigation. Each phase is illustrated by an example of a support role played by an LEF or other community-based organization.Litigation is usually subject to lengthy delays, often lasting years, even after a court finds an existing education system unconstitutional. The reasons are often political. Elected officials feel little urgency to reach a solution that may be unpopular with the public. In the delay we lose sight of the real issues -- children, teachers, and classrooms. And children continue to go to school under a system that has been found to be unconstitutional. Our hope and belief is that, with a sharpened focus on children, teachers, and classrooms, brought to bear by public engagement efforts, public pressure will move lawsuits along expeditiously to ensure that all children receive a quality public education

Adapting curriculum for autism in art education

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) describes a complex group of brain development disorders characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication and behavior. ASD is one of the nation\u27s leading disorders, affecting nearly one in every 68 children (Centers for Disease Control Prevention, 2017). Currently there is limited understanding and research in ways ASD is being promoted and integrated within art education. This limitation has led to blurred understandings in how art educators can adapt materials, projects, and roles of paraprofessionals within the classroom. Societal views on ASD often deny the giftedness of these children and fail to see the effects that ASD dependence has on helping these students be successful. Many students with ASD are dependent on certified individuals within education to constantly help them find their unique path of learning. It is urgent that we deepen our research and understanding of how ASD students can be best served throughout their k-12 art education endeavors. This research will help identify where further applications should continue exploring the current areas lacking adequate ASD awareness within K-12 art education classrooms

Lasten väliset rooli- ja valtasuhteet päivähoidon leikkitilanteissa

Opinnäytetyö sisältää tutkimuksen päiväkotilasten välisistä vuorovaikutussuhteista. Tutkimustulokset on koottu havainnoimalla 3–6-vuotiaiden lasten vapaita leikkitilanteita Länsi-Suomessa sijaitsevassa päivä-kodissa. Tutkimuksen painopisteenä on tarkastella rooli- ja valtasuhteiden muodostumista sekä ilmene-mistä lasten välisissä leikkitilanteissa. Lasten välisissä suhteissa vallitsee aina jonkin asteista kahtiajakoa. Leikkitilanteissa useimmiten joku lap-sista toimii niin sanotusti johtajan roolissa, toinen sopeutuu ja kolmas saattaa alistua tai pyrkiä ongelman-ratkaisuun. Vallan käyttö niin ikään ilmenee erilaisin muodoin ja tarkoituksin lasten välisessä kanssa-käymisessä. Roolit ovat selkeämmin havaittavissa lasten leikeissä. Vallan käyttö taas voi olla paljon hienovaraisempaa. Lapset voivat muokata käytöstään sen mukaan, onko aikuinen tilanteissa läsnä. Lapset voivat esimerkiksi käydä valtataistelua leikkivälineistä tai leikin sisäisten roolien jakamisesta. Leikkitilanteiden havainnoinnin lisäksi käytin tutkimuksessani haastattelumenetelmää, jonka toteutin päiväkodin lastentarhanopettajalle sekä esiopetuksesta vastaavalle lastentarhanopettajalle.This thesis contains a research of interaction between children in a kindergarten. The results of the study have been collected by observing free play of 3-6-year-old children at a kindergarten in Western Finland. The main goal is to focus on how children use their roles and power during the playtime. The subjects of observation were 3–6-year-old children. Children have always some kind of division of roles. There are several different roles in which children are behave. For example, one child may be the leader while the other adapts or submits. Also the use of power occurs in many different ways between the children. The roles are easier to recognize than the use of power. Power can be used much more subtly and children can change their behaviour while adult is present. The power is often used in for example how toys are shared or how roles in the plays are allocated. The research methods used were an observation and the interview. Children were observed during their playtime and I made an interview for the staff

Disney’s Female Gender Roles: The Change of Modern Culture

Disney Animation and their films are a huge part of the entertainment industry in America. They influence and reach children through many avenues, not just with movies, but through clothing, games, and toys. Disney has been around for over 80 years, and during that time, they have played a role in how society displays gender roles. As modern culture goes through changes, Disney can also be seen making changes in the way they represent their characters, especially females. While looking specifically at Disney princesses, the depiction of females and their gender roles can be described in at least one of three ways. One, the original portrayal of Disney princesses is the stereotypical damsel-in-distress, and very domestic. This can be seen through Snow White, Cinderella, and Sleeping Beauty. A second portrayal arose and shifted the roles of female characters to be seen as rebellious and ambitious. This picture can be seen through the characters of Ariel, Mulan, and Rapunzel. Lastly, a final shift has taken place and the female characters are portrayed as independent and free spirited. This type of depiction can be seen through seen through Merida, Anna and Elsa. Through different researches and literature reviews, including the movies themselves, Disney can be seen slowly making strides along with the surrounding culture and changing times in America.Kayla SiddellHonors DiplomHonors CollegeCunningham Memorial Library, Terre Haute, Indiana State UniversityUndergraduateTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages: 28

Bullying: Dilemmas, Definitions, And Solutions

Bullying has become an increasingly serious problem in today’s schools.  Many states have passed legislation to ensure schools do all they can to prevent and address bullying.  Even though the school is a place that is to be safe for all children, in some instances this is not the case.  This paper discusses bullying and focuses on the different tactics students who bully use at middle levels.  Educators can prevent problems by becoming aware of where bullying takes place and how educators can cope and confront this problem.  Discussed are tactics to create new programs and policies and what process it takes to implement the most sound and fair policy in a school.   Different roles and procedures are discussed to help educators include all stakeholders in the process.  Detailed analysis and descriptions are presented and differentiated and various plans to be implemented are described

'Ukuba yindoda kwelixesha' ('To be a man in these times'): Fatherhood, marginality and forms of life among young men in Gugulethu, Cape Town

My thesis examines how young, marginalised men in Gugulethu, a poor township in Cape Town, formulate their conceptions of fatherhood and fathering, and understand their roles and involvement with their children. Far from being a simple biological function, the nature of fatherhood among these young men is shaped by social, economic, political and historical conditions and by the moral standards that surround their daily existence. The men who are the focus of this study were selected on the basis of findings from an earlier study of infants born to HIV+ women. That study demonstrated the erratic nature of fatherhood in the picture of infant life. I traced some of the fathers of those infants, and developed a snowball sample. The young men in this study live a life of social displacement and alienation. They do not have access to gainful employment; many have been imprisoned; all use drugs; few are in stable relationships; few have independent households despite having fathered children. I show in the thesis that while the relationships I describe are unique in many ways, core cultural tropes, such as the significance of children, the role of marriage, the social place of initiation, among others, play through them, albeit in ways that undermine their potential. Despite a rhetoric which exhorts men to 'be responsible', most of the challenges that confront young African men today can be traced to legacies of colonialism, urbanisation, and apartheid which destroyed clans and families' ability to retain both the specific practices and the meaning and function of traditional practices and the material means by which families could be maintained. I note in particular the absence of father figures in these young men's lives. These findings lead me to explore the role of men in attachment. While many men have been able to create positive self-identities and roles, those with whom I worked have struggled to attain socially sanctioned ideals of masculinity, work, parenting and partnering. They inhabit forms of masculinity that rest on danger, even as they desire social approval. Drawing from Raewyn Connell's idea of hegemonic masculinity, I show how these masculinities are not predetermined but constructed within a specific social and historical context

'Maybe I will give some help ... maybe not to help the eyes but different help': an analysis of care and support of children with visual impairment in community settings in Malawi

Background: Visual impairment in children is common in low and middle‐income settings. Whilst visual impairment (VI) can impact on the development of children, many reach full potential with appropriate early intervention programmes. Although there is increased emphasis on early child development globally, it is not yet clear how to provide specific programmes for children with VI in low and middle‐income settings. This study aims to identify facilitators and barriers to the provision of a developmental stimulation programme for children with VI in rural and urban Malawi. Methods: We undertook 6 focus groups, 10 home observations and 20 in‐depth interviews with carers of children with VI under 6 years in urban and rural Southern Malawi. We utilised topic guides relating to care, play, communication and feeding. Qualitative data were subject to thematic analysis that included placing themes within Bronfenbrenner's ecological framework. We established authenticity of themes through feedback from participants. Results: We identified themes within Bronfenbrenner's framework at five levels: (1) blindness acting as a barrier to stimulation and communication, health and complex needs all affecting the individual child; (2) understanding of VI, ability to be responsive at the microsystem level of the carer; (3) support from other carers at microsystem level within a mesosystem; (4) support from other professionals (knowledge of, identification and management of children with VI, responsibilities and gender roles, environmental safety and prejudice, stigma and child protection all at the level of the exosystem. Discussion: This study has revealed the requirements needed in order to produce meaningful and appropriate programmes to support nutrition, care and early stimulation for children with VI in this and similar African settings. This includes supporting carers to understand their child's developmental needs, how to better communicate with, feed and stimulate their child; offering advice sensitive to carers' responsibilities and professional training to better support carers and challenge community stigma