98,159 research outputs found
Industrial Property Institutions, Patenting, and Technology Investment in Spain and Mexico, c. 1820-1914.
This paper explores the nature and implications of nineteenth century patent law in two late-industrializing countries: Spain and Mexico. Both inherited earlier ancien regime monopoly practices, both adopted aspects of modern, codified patent systems in the early nineteenth century, and both sought primarily to encourage innovation and especially the introduction of foreign techniques. Mexico, however, abandoned this orientation in 1890 in favor of an emphasis on supporting inventive activity while Spain retained this orientation until recently. After presenting an overview of the conceptual and historical issues regarding comparative patent systems in section one; section two compares the nature of the Spanish and Mexican systems in the nineteenth century; while sections three and four examine the implications of patent law: its impact on trends in patenting behavior and —more tentatively— its probable consequences for investment in technological change.Spain and Mexico Economic History; Patents; Technological Change; Technology Transfer.
Defining systems of innovation: a methodological discussion
Current definitions of systems of innovation (SI) which define SI in institutional terms only, do not resolve difficulties encountered when conceptualizing this notion. This paper develops a conceptual framework for a more structured understanding of SI based on four building blocks: technological regime, institutional set-up, market, and pre-market selection environments. SI can then be defined as the co-evolution of technological regimes and institutional set-up molded by the mechanisms of market and pre-market selection. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. Air rights reserved
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System and method for determining triage categories
Embodiments disclosed herein provide a system, method, and computer program product for providing a triage clas- sification system. The triage classification system uses a computer model that is developed using historical patient data. The developed computer modelis applied to collected patientattributedatafromapatientinapre-hospitalsetting to generate a triage category. Based on the generated triage category, health care professionals can take desired actions, suchastransportingthepatienttoafacilitymatchingthe generated triage category.Board of Regents, University of Texas Syste
A Comparison of Cryptography Courses
The author taught two courses on cryptography, one at Duke University aimed
at non-mathematics majors and one at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology aimed
at mathematics and computer science majors. Both tried to incorporate technical
and societal aspects of cryptography, with varying emphases. This paper will
discuss the strengths and weaknesses of both courses and compare the
differences in the author's approach.Comment: 14 pages; to appear in Cryptologi
The 1967 Patent Law Debate—First-to-Invent vs. First-to-File
United States patent law has traditionally been based on the proposition that the first inventor, not the first person to file a patent application, is the only person entitled to a patent. Nevertheless, the President\u27s Commission on the Patent System has proposed that patent rights be awarded on a first-to-file basis, and this recommendation is now embodied in bills before Congress. The author urges that the conclusion that a pure first-to-file system would be better for the United States should not be too hastily drawn. He reveals that the present United States patent system is neither purely a first-to-invent nor first-to-file system, but a hybrid system containing many features of both that gives a great advantage to the first person to file a patent application while also retaining important aspects of a first-to-invent system
Long-run dynamics of the U.S. patent classification system
Almost by definition, radical innovations create a need to revise existing
classification systems. In this paper, we argue that classification system
changes and patent reclassification are common and reveal interesting
information about technological evolution. To support our argument, we present
three sets of findings regarding classification volatility in the U.S. patent
classification system. First, we study the evolution of the number of distinct
classes. Reconstructed time series based on the current classification scheme
are very different from historical data. This suggests that using the current
classification to analyze the past produces a distorted view of the evolution
of the system. Second, we study the relative sizes of classes. The size
distribution is exponential so classes are of quite different sizes, but the
largest classes are not necessarily the oldest. To explain this pattern with a
simple stochastic growth model, we introduce the assumption that classes have a
regular chance to be split. Third, we study reclassification. The share of
patents that are in a different class now than they were at birth can be quite
high. Reclassification mostly occurs across classes belonging to the same
1-digit NBER category, but not always. We also document that reclassified
patents tend to be more cited than non-reclassified ones, even after
controlling for grant year and class of origin
Community Detection and Growth Potential Prediction from Patent Citation Networks
The scoring of patents is useful for technology management analysis.
Therefore, a necessity of developing citation network clustering and prediction
of future citations for practical patent scoring arises. In this paper, we
propose a community detection method using the Node2vec. And in order to
analyze growth potential we compare three ''time series analysis methods'', the
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), ARIMA model, and Hawkes Process. The results of
our experiments, we could find common technical points from those clusters by
Node2vec. Furthermore, we found that the prediction accuracy of the ARIMA model
was higher than that of other models.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1607.00653 by other author
Impact of Global Patent and Regulatory Reform on Patent Strategies for Biotechnology
I come to you this morning not as an intellectual property lawyer but as a former general counsel of biotechnology and pharmaceutical related companies, as an attorney with significant exposure to intellectual property issues and as one who has seen first-hand the importance of intellectual property in shaping commercial strategies in biotechnology. With that as a backdrop, I would like to thank you for allowing me the opportunity to share with you today thoughts that I have regarding patents and the impact of patent reform on biotechnology. It has been said that the best way to predict the future is to invent it. However, I believe that the best way to control the future is to patent it
Understanding the pharmaceutical patent system in Spain and Europe: a perspective from the need to take its protection-access tradeoff seriously
As a result of the doctoral research developed by the main author (Vargas-Chaves, 2017), it was identified the evolution and perspectives of the pharmaceutical patent in the international trade system, as well as it future legal research needs in this topic, both immediate and long-term. Furthermore, a number of problems of public health were highlighted in which the patent-term-extension mechanisms have produced a lack of access to medicines
The Dynamics of Knowledge Accumulation, Regulation and Appropriability in the Pharma-Biotech Sector: Policy Issues
Discussion of reasons for regulation in the pharmaceutical industr
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