Clinico Pathological Study of Skin Surface Epidermal and Appendageal Tumours.

Tumours of epidermis are histopathologically diverse group of entities which have in common a localized proliferation of keratinocytes resulting in clinically discrete lesions. They may be divided into a number of categories, reflecting their different biological behaviour.These includes hamartomas, benign tumours, premalignant and malignant conditions. The cutaneous appendages give rise to a bewildering number of neoplasms (more than eighty in number).Various classification have been proposed in the past which have required modifications from time to time in the light of most recent ultra structural, histochemical findings and the reporting of new morphological entities. This study of tumours of epidermis and appendages has been undertaken to find out the frequency of benign and malignant growths. The study has been limited to the cases attending the Dermatology Department, Government General Hospital, Chennai. Most of the tumours whether benign or malignant are symptom less but are cosmetically unacceptable. This study is based on the classification of tumours given in the LEVERS histopathology of skin 8th edition and is confined to the tumours of epidermis and appendages. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To find out the 1. Overall frequency of surface epidermal and appendageal tumours reported in the out-patient department of dermatology, Government hospital, Chennai. 2. Different clinical presentation such as morphology, site and their associations with other skin and systemic conditions. 3. Histopathological features of various tumours encountered. CONCLUSIONS : Majority of the patients reported with the skin tumours of epidermis and appendages were adults (83.44 %). The tumours such as epidermal nevus, nevus sebaceous occur in childhood (16.66 %) and these need awareness among the parents to bring the children at an early age. Most of the skin tumours in this study occurred in the age group of 21-30 years and 51-60 years (23.33 % ). The reporting of the skin tumours was more by the females (53.33 %) compared to males (46.66 %) probably because of their cosmetic awareness. The commonest tumour encountered in this study was syringoma (20 %) which were mainly in the infraorbital region and with classical histopathology. The second common tumour was seborrheoic keratosis (16.66 %). All the patients had there lesions in the sun exposed areas except one female who had multiple lesions and having classical histopathology. Epidermal nevus and epidermal cysts (15%) were the third most common tumour in this study. One case of epidermal nevus was associated with seizures and visual disturbances. Basal cell carcinoma (8.33%), squamous cell carcinoma (5%), trichoepithelioma (5%), keratoacanthoma (5%),steatocystoma multiplex(3.33% ), nevus sebaceous (5 % ), sebaceous carcinoma (1.66% ) were also encountered in our study with classical clinical and histo- pathological findings. Rare case like with xeroderma pigmentosum with squamous cell carcinoma was encountered in a male patient. One case of squamous cell carcinoma associated with growth retardation and hypogonadism was recorded in this study. One case of sebaceous carcinoma of the right cheek was encountered in an albinoid female with characteristic histopathology

Different expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in selected nonmelanocytic human cutaneous lesions

The aim of our study was to elucidate the possible involvement of COX-2 in the development and/or progression of nonmelanocytic skin lesions. To evaluate the usefulness of that enzyme as a potential molecular marker, we examined the intensity and spatial distribution of COX-2 expression in selected types of such tumors using the same immunohistochemical procedure as in our earlier studies of melanocytic cancers. We examined 20 benign epithelial lesions, 11 precancerous lesions, 21 basal cell carcinomas (BCC), 14 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and eight fibromas. The levels of COX-2 expression detected in benign lesions and in normal skin were comparable. Elevated expression of this protein may play a role in the development of SCC, as indicated by strong immunostaining both in SCCs and precancerous lesions. Significantly stronger staining in SCCs compared to BCCs may indicate a role of COX-2 in cancer malignancy and serve as an indicator useful for differential diagnostics of the two types of cancer. Strong staining in all skin layers of SCC may help in detecting cancer cells infiltrating surrounding skin layers. (Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica 2011; Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 381–388

ROLE OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX9 IN THE TUMORIGENESIS OF SOME DOMESTIC ANIMALS NEOPLASMS

The first section of the thesis gives a brief overview of the literature about the transcriptor factor Sox9, focusing the attention on its main functions during developmental processes and in acquired deseases. The second section, after a short introduction on Sox9 in Veterinary Medicine, is concerned with the assessment of Sox9 immunohistochemical staining in normal tissues of various animal species, in order to validate this marker in domestic animals. The other sections present the findings of the research, with six original research studies concerning Sox9 immunohistochemical expression in several groups of neoplasms. To better explain Sox9 role in nervous tissue development and in its neoplastic lesions they are treated together with Sox10 in the last work. The table of contents is here reported: The SOX family: Sox9 Sox9 in tissues Sox9 in acquired diseases SOX9 in veterinary medicine: Sox9 in normal tissues of various animal species SOX9 in the skin and hair follicle: Sox9 in canine epithelial skin tumors SOX9 in male gonad : Immunohistochemical expression of Sox9 protein in immature, mature, and neoplastic canine Sertoli cells SOX9 in mammary gland neoplasms: Sox9 expression in feline mammary hypertrophy Sox9 expression in feline mammary carcinomas Sox9 expression in canine mammary neoplasms Sox9 in nervous tissue and neoplasms: Immunohistochemical panel evaluation for differential diagnosis of horse spindle cells tumors

The co-carcinogenic effect of topical vitamin A palmitate on 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzathracene (DMBA)-induced carcinoma in the buccal pouch of the syrian golden hamster

Salley in 1954, (122) was the first worker to use the hamster cheek pouch as a model for experimental carcinogenesis and to produce squamous cell carcinomas in this organ. For a number of reasons, the pouch is most suitable for sequential studies of carcinogenesis, and these include the fact that it is easily accessible and can be everted simply, facilitating macroscopic examination. Furthermore, its anatomic situation makes it a simple model for topical application of any carcinogen. Each animal has two pouches, thus providing its own control. In addition, the pouch serves as a storehouse and is lined only by stratified squamous epithelium with no glands or hair follicles in its wall, thus rendering it less susceptible to cyclic changes than more complex tissues, in which accessory structures are present

Preneoplasias cutáneas y de mucosa oral

Este trabajo hace foco sobre aquellas dermatosis que pueden dar origen a tumores. Enfatiza el reconocimiento de las mismas a partir del examen clínico y de los métodos de laboratorio que aseveran ese diagnóstico. Presenta iconografía relativa sobre algunos temas y todos son avalados por una extensa bibliografía, indicada en los 49 capítulos de las cinco secciones que consta el documento

Clinico-pathological study of Cutaneous Tumours of Head and Neck

INTRODUCTION : Skin is a complex and the largest organ in the body. Because of its complexity a wide range of diseases can develop from the skin including tumors from surface epidermis, epidermal appendages , dermal & subcutaneous tissue. The vast diversity of these lesions combined with a body of descriptive data, often overlapping (clinical, histological) produces confusion in the area of nomenclature and difficulty in diagnosis. Tumours of skin are histopathologically diverse group of entities which have common localized proliferation of cells resulting in clinically discrete lesions. They may be divided into a number of categories, reflecting their different biological behaviour. These include hamartomas, benign tumours, premalignant and malignant conditions. This study of tumours of skin has been undertaken to find out the frequency of benign and malignant growths. The study has been limited to the cases attending the Dermatology Department, Chengalpattu Government Hospital, Chengalpattu. Most of the tumours whether benign or malignant are symptomless but are cosmetically unacceptable. The distinction between benign and malignant neoplasm are rather more difficult to define when they appear in skin than when found elsewhere and histopathological examination is frequently required to establish a definitive diagnosis. Diagnosis of any skin tumors can be done by correlating clinical features and histological features, which can be supported by histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Thus, the study of skin tumors is perhaps more intriguing, fascinating, challenging and at times even frustrating than any other tumors. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES : To find out the 1. Overall frequency of skin tumours of head & neck reported in the out-patient department of dermatology, Chengalpattu Medical College , Chengalpattu. 2. Age & sex predominance of the various tumours encountered. 3. Different clinical presentation such as morphology, site and association with other skin & systemic conditions. 4. Histopathological features of the various tumours encountered. MATERIALS AND METHODS : 100 patients presenting with different forms of cutaneous tumours of head & neck as their main complaints were selected for the study from the skin department of Chengalpattu Government Hospital, Chengalpattu during the one year period from October 2008 to September 2009 at random. The provisional diagnosis were mainly made by clinical presentations. The age and sex of all the hundred cases along with their occupation were recorded. The duration of the skin lesions in all the patients was also noted. Specific and relevant histories were taken from certain cases with skin tumours and they included history of prolonged intake of any internal medication like inorganic arsenic containing preparation which may lead to basal cell epithelioma. Family history regarding the presence of tumours was also elicited and it was relevant in trichoepithelioma and steatocystoma multiplex. Menstrual, marital, parturition histories were taken in the female patients. History of medical and surgical intervention for the above complaints if any was also noted in all the 100 patients. Thorough clinical examination of the skin lesions was carried out in all the cases with special reference to the site, number, size, shape, color, surface, borders, consistency, tenderness and compressibility of the lesions. Whether the lesions were grouped or discrete, sessile, or pedunculated or whether there were any attachment to the underlying structures or the overlying skin were also observed. Careful general and systemic examinations were carried out. Investigations like complete haemogram, blood sugar, renal function test, VDRL, HIV status and skin biopsy in the form of both excision and incision biopsy were carried out. The sections for histopathological examination were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and studied in both low and high power magnifications. In selected cases, X-ray skull, Barium meal study, Barium enema, Upper GI–Endoscopy, ultrasonogram were carried out. Most of the patients were treated surgically in the form of complete excision of the lesions. Few cases were treated with electrocautery & cryotherapy. CONCLUSIONS : A study of clinicopathological features of tumours of head & neck was done on 100 patients at random over a period of one year from October 2008 to September 2009 attending the outpatient department of skin & STD, Chengalpattu Medical College, Chengalpattu. 1. The commonest skin tumours recorded were surface tumors of Epidermis (62%) followed by tumours of epidermal appendages (21%), tumours of neural tissue (8%), other tumours constitutes (9%). 2. Majority of the patients reported with the skin tumours of head and Neck were adults. The tumours such as epidermal nevus, nevus sebaceous, neurofibroma occur in childhood (23 %) and these need awareness among the parents to bring the children at an early age. 3. The highest age incidence observed in this study was in the fifth decade (21%) followed by sixth decade (20%). 4. The reporting of the skin tumours was more by the females (54 %) compared to males (46 %) probably because of their cosmetic awareness. 5. The commonest tumour encountered in this study was Acrochordons (15%) with classical histopathology. 6. The second common tumour was seborrheoic keratosis (14%). All the patients had their lesions in the sun exposed areas like face & neck except one male & one female who had multiple lesions all over the body and having classical histopathology. 7. Epidermal cyst and syringoma (12 %) were the third most common tumour encountered in this study and with classical histopathology. 8. Neurofibroma (8%), Basal cell carcinoma (7%), Epidermal nevus (6%), squamous cell carcinoma(5%), trichoepithelioma (5 % ), pyogenic granuloma (4%), nevus sebaceous ( 3%) , steatocystoma multiplex (3% ), keloid (3%), angiofibroma (2%) were also encountered in our study with classical clinical and histopathological findings. 9. Rare case like xeroderma pigmentosum with squamous cell carcinoma was encountered in a female child. 10. In this study, among 15 patients with acrochordons, 6 (40%) had diabetes Mellitus. 11. Familial occurrence were noted in 2 cases of syringoma, 2 cases of steatocystoma multiplex and one case of keloid

Cellular haemangioma

Light and electron microscopic studies were conducted on the immature vascular tumors of two infants, containing various stages of differentiation of the blood vessels and both benign haemangioendotheliomas and haemangiopericytomas. We were able to confirm the existance of two kinds of hyperplastic, immature cells i.e. endothelial cells and pericytes in the same tumor. Presence of crystalloid inclusions in the endothelial cells and absence of the Weibel-Palade bodies, as well as a deficiency in factor VIII-related antigen and no tissue fibrinolytic activity, suggested that the endothelial cells in these lesions were immature. Electron microscopic studies appear more decisive in the diagnosis of heterogenous cellular vascular tumors than light microscopy and if available should be used to aid in the final diagnosis. The authors propose that the term cellular haemangioma would be more appropriate in describing this vascular entity.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47515/1/428_2004_Article_BF00428503.pd