Nanographitic coating enables hydrophobicity in lightweight and strong microarchitected carbon

Metamaterials that are lightweight, stiff, strong, scalable and hydrophobic have been achieved separately through different materials and approaches, but achieving them in one material is an outstanding challenge. Here, stereolithography and pyrolysis are employed to create carbon microlattices with cubic topology and a strut width of 60–70 µm, with specific strength and stiffness of up to 468.62 MPa cm3 g−1 and 14.39 GPa cm3 g−1 at a density of 0.55 g cm−3, higher than existing microarchitected materials and approaching those of the strongest truss nanolattices. Subsequent fast Joule-heating then introduces a hierarchical nanographitic skin that enables hydrophobicity, with a water contact angle of 135 ± 2°, improving the hydrophilic response of pyrolytic carbon. As the Joule heating induced sp2-hybridization and nano-texturing predominantly affect the strut sheath, the effect on mechanical response is limited to a reduction in the distribution of compressive strength of as-pyrolyzed architectures by ~80% and the increase of the mean effective stiffness by ~15%. These findings demonstrate a technique to fabricate high strength, low density, and hydrophobic nanographite-coated carbon microlattices

Carbon Nanotube Microarchitectures for Mechanical Metamaterials

Metamaterials use ordered internal structure to exhibit properties uncommon or nonexistent in natural materials. To design a metamaterial with target performance, hierarchical specification of geometry and properties of the constituent elements is essential. Vertically aligned growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is an attractive means to achieve such control because it is a scalable fabrication technique that can produce bulk thick films and patterned microstructures over a large area. CNTs also possess attractive properties such as high stiffness, strength, and electrical and thermal conductivities at low mass density. Therefore, the motivation of this dissertation is to develop methods to manipulate CNT growth and modification at the nano- and microscales, toward the realization of scalable CNT mechanical metamaterials. First, it is shown that CNT microstructures having complex three-dimensional shapes can be manufactured by controlling the CNT growth rate locally within each microstructure using a growth retardant layer patterned underneath the CNT growth catalyst film. Microstructures with complex trajectories are achieved by understanding the mechanical coupling among CNTs and designing the catalyst and offset patterns accordingly. The geometry of the strain-engineered microstructures is predicted using both an analytical model and the finite element method. Next, it is shown that the mechanics of CNT microstructures can be tuned by conformal coating at the nanoscale, via atomic layer deposition (ALD) of alumina. Using vertical cylindrical CNT micropillars, a stiffness tuning from 7 MPa to 50 GPa is demonstrated. The coating thickness also changes the dominant deformation behavior of the CNT microstructures, from buckling to brittle fracture. In the buckling regime, the coated CNT forests can withstand and fully recover compressive strain of up to 75%. Last, fabrication methods are developed toward application of the 3-D CNT microarchitectures. ALD, polymer infiltration, and lamination are used to fabricate a CNT microtruss nanocomposite having high stiffness and damping. Then, microstructure arrays with geometry mimicking the scales of a butterfly wing are fabricated and determined to exhibit superhydrophobic and directional wetting behaviors. Further work on 3-D CNT microarchitectures with engineered geometry, mechanics, and surface functionality may realize multifunctional materials with targeted combinations of mechanical, electrical, thermal, and/or optical properties.PhDMechanical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109009/1/mvpsj_1.pd

Bioinspired Nanocomposite Adhesives Based on 3D Microarchitectures and 1D Nanomaterials for Advanced Thermal and Electrical Applications

Department of Mechanical Enginering (Mechanical Engineering)Functional adhesives are essential components in a variety of application fields from daily life to high-tech industries, including precision manufacturing, aerospace, flexible electronics, and wearable devices. However, conventional functional adhesives based on chemically reactive, hot-melt, and viscoelastic adhesive materials generally form uncontrollable mechanical contact, producing bulky, contaminated, or damaged contact interfaces. To address these issues, bioinspired adhesive architectures exhibiting robust, reversible, and residue-free adhesion properties have been proposed. The extraordinary adhesion properties are due to the presence of nano- or micro-hair arrays with protruding tips that maximize van der Waals interactions between surfaces. The photolithography process followed by the replica-molding process has allowed the production of bioinspired artificial adhesives with robust adhesion and high structural stability in a simple, precise, and highly reproducible way. Nevertheless, the manufacturing process narrows the selection of materials to thermal- or UV-curable polymers whose inherently poor thermomechanical and electrical properties hinder the application of bioinspired adhesives in advanced industrial fields. One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metallic nanowires, and nanorods have been actively studied as nanofillers to enhance the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of polymeric materials. Yet, the existing methods for the application of nanomaterials are not suitable for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) microarchitectures since the high viscosity of nanomaterial???polymer mixtures inhibits the successful formation of the structures. Furthermore, the rough morphology of the nanomaterials hinders the formation of intimate contact interfaces resulting in low adhesion strength. In this dissertation, we present novel design strategies for bioinspired nanocomposite adhesives, in which 1D nanomaterials are integrated into 3D microarchitectures. The strategies include microarchitecture designs, nanomaterial selections, and optimization of integration processes that allow microarchitectures to have enhanced thermal or electrical properties while maintaining superior adhesion performance. In Chapter 2, we propose high-temperature compatible adhesives based on an integration of mushroom-shaped microarchitectures and CNT-based nanocomposites. The nanocomposite microarchitectures are prepared by a photolithography process followed by replica-molding techniques in which polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrices are reinforced with CNT fillers. The excellent thermomechanical properties of the CNTs enable the mushroom-shaped adhesive architectures to have exceptionally enhanced thermomechanical stability compared to pristine PDMS. Moreover, the manufactured adhesives exhibit robust adhesion performances even when exposed to elevated temperatures of ~350 ??Cthus, they could be utilized as versatile high-temperature compatible adhesives with high reversibility. In Chapter 3, we propose a flexible, transparent, and electrically conductive adhesive composed of tentacle-like adhesive architectures and selectively coated percolating silver nanowires (AgNWs). The integrated design provides robust mechanical and low-resistance electrical contacts by forming intimate contact interfaces. The contact interfaces enable efficient electrical connections with active electrodes through attachment without the use of additional contact processes such as mechanical clamping, chemical adhesives, or vacuum deposition, with the contact remaining stable even when highly bent. The superior features of bioinspired conductive adhesives are demonstrated in self-attachable transparent heaters that can form a direct, seamless contact between its AgNWs and the target substrates, providing direct heat-transfer pathways for precise temperature control of the substrate while minimizing energy loss.ope

Ultrathin assembles of Porous Array for enhanced H2 evolution

Since the complexity of photocatalyst synthesis process and high cost of noble cocatalyst leftovers a major hurdle to producing hydrogen (H2) from water, a noble metal-free Ni-Si/MgO photocatalyst was realized for the first time to generate H2 effectively under illumination with visible light. The catalyst was produced by means of simple one-pot solid reaction using self-designed metal reactor. The physiochemical properties of photocatalyst were identified by XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX, UV-visible, XPS, GC and PL. The photocatalytic activities of Ni-Si/MgO photocatalyst at different nickel concentrations were evaluated without adjusting pH, applied voltage, sacrificial agent or electron donor. The ultrathin-nanosheet with hierarchically porous structure of catalyst was found to exhibit higher photocatalytic H2 production than hexagonal nanorods structured catalyst, which suggests that the randomly branched nanosheets are more active surface to increase the light-harvesting efficiency due to its short electron diffusion path. The catalyst exhibited remarkable performance reaching up to 714 µmolh⁻¹ which is higher among the predominant semiconductor catalyst. The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic reaction irradiated under visible light illumination through the production of hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals on metals. The outcome indicates an important step forward one-pot facile approach to prepare noble ultrathin photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water

GPU 에러 안정성 보장을 위한 컴파일러 기법

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2020. 8. 이재진.Due to semiconductor technology scaling and near-threshold voltage computing, soft error resilience has become more important. Nowadays, GPUs are widely used in high performance computing (HPC) because of its efficient parallel processing and modern GPUs designed for HPC use error correction code (ECC) to protect their storage including register files. However, adopting ECC in the register file imposes high area and energy overhead. To replace the expensive hardware cost of ECC, we propose Penny, a lightweight compiler-directed resilience scheme for GPU register file protection. We combine recent advances in idempotent recovery with low-cost error detection code. Our approach focuses on solving two important problems: 1. Can we guarantee correct error recovery using idempotent execution with error detection code? We show that when an error detection code is used with idempotence recovery, certain restrictions required by previous idempotent recovery schemes are no longer needed. We also propose a software-based scheme to prevent the checkpoint value from being overwritten before the end of the region where the value is required for correct recovery. 2. How do we reduce the execution overhead caused by checkpointing? In GPUs additional checkpointing store instructions inflicts considerably higher overhead compared to CPUs, due to its architectural characteristics, such as lack of store buffers. We propose a number of compiler optimizations techniques that significantly reduce the overhead.반도체 미세공정 기술이 발전하고 문턱전압 근처 컴퓨팅(near-threashold voltage computing)이 도입됨에 따라서 소프트 에러로부터의 복원이 중요한 과제가 되었다. 강력한 병렬 계산 성능을 지닌 GPU는 고성능 컴퓨팅에서 중요한 위치를 차지하게 되었고, 슈퍼 컴퓨터에서 쓰이는 GPU들은 에러 복원 코드인 ECC를 사용하여 레지스터 파일 및 메모리 등에 저장된 데이터를 보호하게 되었다. 하지만 레지스터 파일에 ECC를 사용하는 것은 큰 하드웨어나 에너지 비용을 필요로 한다. 이런 값비싼 ECC의 하드웨어 비용을 줄이기 위해 본 논문에서는 컴파일러 기반의 저비용 GPU 레지스터 파일 복원 기법인 Penny를 제안한다. 이는 최신의 멱등성(idempotency) 기반 에러 복원 기법을 저비용의 에러 검출 코드(EDC)와 결합한 것이다. 본 논문은 다음 두가지 문제를 해결하는 데에 집중한다. 1. 에러 검출 코드 기반으로 멱등성 기반 에러 복원을 사용시 소프트 에러로부터의 안전한 복원을 보장할 수 있는가?} 본 논문에서는 에러 검출 코드가 멱등성 기반 복원 기술과 같이 사용되었을 경우 기존의 복원 기법에서 필요로 했던 조건들 없이도 안전하게 에러로부터 복원할 수 있음을 보인다. 2. 체크포인팅에드는 비용을 어떻게 절감할 수 있는가?} GPU는 스토어 버퍼가 없는 등 아키텍쳐적인 특성으로 인해서 CPU와 비교하여 체크포인트 값을 저장하는 데에 큰 오버헤드가 든다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 다양한 컴파일러 최적화 기법을 통하여 오버헤드를 줄인다.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why is Soft Error Resilience Important in GPUs 1 1.2 How can the ECC Overhead be Reduced 3 1.3 What are the Challenges 4 1.4 How do We Solve the Challenges 5 2 Comparison of Error Detection and Correction Coding Schemes for Register File Protection 7 2.1 Error Correction Codes and Error Detection Codes 8 2.2 Cost of Coding Schemes 9 2.3 Soft Error Frequency of GPUs 11 3 Idempotent Recovery and Challenges 13 3.1 Idempotent Execution 13 3.2 Previous Idempotent Schemes 13 3.2.1 De Kruijf's Idempotent Translation 14 3.2.2 Bolts's Idempotent Recovery 15 3.2.3 Comparison between Idempotent Schemes 15 3.3 Idempotent Recovery Process 17 3.4 Idempotent Recovery Challenges for GPUs 18 3.4.1 Checkpoint Overwriting 20 3.4.2 Performance Overhead 20 4 Correctness of Recovery 22 4.1 Proof of Safe Recovery 23 4.1.1 Prevention of Error Propagation 23 4.1.2 Proof of Correct State Recovery 24 4.1.3 Correctness in Multi-Threaded Execution 28 4.2 Preventing Checkpoint Overwriting 30 4.2.1 Register renaming 31 4.2.2 Storage Alternation by Checkpoint Coloring 33 4.2.3 Automatic Algorithm Selection 38 4.2.4 Future Works 38 5 Performance Optimizations 40 5.1 Compilation Phases of Penny 40 5.1.1 Region Formation 41 5.1.2 Bimodal Checkpoint Placement 41 5.1.3 Storage Alternation 42 5.1.4 Checkpoint Pruning 43 5.1.5 Storage Assignment 44 5.1.6 Code Generation and Low-level Optimizations 45 5.2 Cost Estimation Model 45 5.3 Region Formation 46 5.3.1 De Kruijf's Heuristic Region Formation 46 5.3.2 Region splitting and Region Stitching 47 5.3.3 Checkpoint-Cost Aware Optimal Region Formation 48 5.4 Bimodal Checkpoint Placement 52 5.5 Optimal Checkpoint Pruning 55 5.5.1 Bolt's Naive Pruning Algorithm and Overview of Penny's Optimal Pruning Algorithm 55 5.5.2 Phase 1: Collecting Global-Decision Independent Status 56 5.5.3 Phase2: Ordering and Finalizing Renaming Decisions 60 5.5.4 Effectiveness of Eliminating the Checkpoints 63 5.6 Automatic Checkpoint Storage Assignment 69 5.7 Low-Level Optimizations and Code Generation 70 6 Evaluation 74 6.1 Test Environment 74 6.1.1 GPU Architecture and Simulation Setup 74 6.1.2 Tested Applications 75 6.1.3 Register Assignment 76 6.2 Performance Evaluation 77 6.2.1 Overall Performance Overheads 77 6.2.2 Impact of Penny's Optimizations 78 6.2.3 Assigning Checkpoint Storage and Its Integrity 79 6.2.4 Impact of Optimal Checkpoint Pruning 80 6.2.5 Impact of Alias Analysis 81 6.3 Repurposing the Saved ECC Area 82 6.4 Energy Impact on Execution 83 6.5 Performance Overhead on Volta Architecture 85 6.6 Compilation Time 85 7 RelatedWorks 87 8 Conclusion and Future Works 89 8.1 Limitation and Future Work 90Docto

Additive manufacturing of 3D nano-architected metals

Most existing methods for additive manufacturing (AM) of metals are inherently limited to ~20–50 μm resolution, which makes them untenable for generating complex 3D-printed metallic structures with smaller features. We developed a lithography-based process to create complex 3D nano-architected metals with ~100 nm resolution. We first synthesize hybrid organic–inorganic materials that contain Ni clusters to produce a metal-rich photoresist, then use two-photon lithography to sculpt 3D polymer scaffolds, and pyrolyze them to volatilize the organics, which produces a >90 wt% Ni-containing architecture. We demonstrate nanolattices with octet geometries, 2 μm unit cells and 300–400-nm diameter beams made of 20-nm grained nanocrystalline, nanoporous Ni. Nanomechanical experiments reveal their specific strength to be 2.1–7.2 MPa g^(−1) cm^3, which is comparable to lattice architectures fabricated using existing metal AM processes. This work demonstrates an efficient pathway to 3D-print micro-architected and nano-architected metals with sub-micron resolution

Classification of Resilience Techniques Against Functional Errors at Higher Abstraction Layers of Digital Systems

Nanoscale technology nodes bring reliability concerns back to the center stage of digital system design. A systematic classification of approaches that increase system resilience in the presence of functional hardware (HW)-induced errors is presented, dealing with higher system abstractions, such as the (micro) architecture, the mapping, and platform software (SW). The field is surveyed in a systematic way based on nonoverlapping categories, which add insight into the ongoing work by exposing similarities and differences. HW and SW solutions are discussed in a similar fashion so that interrelationships become apparent. The presented categories are illustrated by representative literature examples to illustrate their properties. Moreover, it is demonstrated how hybrid schemes can be decomposed into their primitive components

Metal oxide, Mixed oxide, and hybrid metal@oxide nanocrystals : size-and shape-controlled synthesis and catalytic applications

Le contrôle de la taille et de la morphologie de nanocristaux d’oxydes métalliques simples, d’oxydes mixtes et d’oxydes métalliques hybrides est un sujet de grand intérêt. La dépendance de leur propriétés physio-chimiques avec leurs taille et morphologies, génèrent une variété de leur applications dans plusieurs domaines. Cependant, le dévellopement des nanocristaux en controllant la taille, la forme, l’assemblage et l’homogénéité de la composition chimique pour l’optimisation de propriété spécifiques demandent la combinaison de nombreux parametres de synthèse. Les trois différentes approches ont été développées dans le cadre de la thèse pour la synthèse d’une variété de nouveaux nanomatériaux d’oxydes simples, d’oxydes mixtes et d’oxydes métalliques hybrides dont la taille et la forme ont été bien controllées. Ces méthodes ont été nommées comme des méthodes solvo-hydrothermiques assistées par des molécules structurantes à l’état monophasique (eau ou eau/éthanol) et à l’état biphasique (eau-toluène). Nos approches de synthèse ont permi de préparer des nanocristaux des oxydes de métaux de transition (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, In), et des terres rares (Sm, Ce, La, Gd, Er, Ti, Y, Zr), ainsi que des oxydes métalliques mixtes (tungstate, orthovanadate, molybdate). Ces nanomatériaux sont sous forme colloïdale mono-dispersée qui présente une cristallinité élevée. La taille et la forme de tels nanocristaux peuvent facilement être contrôlées par une simple variation des paramètres de synthèse telle que la concentration de précurseurs, la nature de la molécule structurante, la température et le temps de réaction. A large variété de techniques a été utilisée pour la caracterisation de ces nanomatériaux telles que TEM/HRTEM, SEM, SAED, EDS, XRD, XPS, FTIR, TGA-DTA, UV-vis, photoluminescence, BET. Les propriétés catalytiques de ces matériaux ont aussi été étudiées. Dans ce travail, le contrôle de la cinétique de croissance des nucléides ainsi que le mécanisme gouvernant la forme qui conduit à la taille et la morphologie finale du nanocrystal ont été proposé. L’effet de la taille et de la forme des nanoparticules d’oxyde métallique hybrides sur les propriétés catalytiques pour la réaction d’oxydation du CO et la photo-dégradation du bleue de méthylène a été aussi étudié. Car les catalyseurs existant actuellement à base de métaux nobles sont très couteux et en plus très sensibles à l’empoisonnement par le gas H2S ou les émissions polluantes de SOx. L’activité catalytique des nanocristaux d’oxydes métallique hybrides Cu@CeO2 de formes cubiques dans l’oxydation de CO et de Ag@TiO2 de formes de ceinture dans la photo dégradation du bleue de méthylène ont montré la dépendance de la taille et la forme des nanocristaux avec leur propriétés catalytiques.The ability to finely control the size and shape of metal oxide, mixed metal oxide, hybrid metal/oxide nanocrystals has become an area of great interest, as many of their physical and chemical properties are highly dependent on morphology, and the more technological applications will be possible for their use. Large-scale synthesis of such high-quality nanocrystals is the first and key step to this area of science. A tremendous effort has recently been spent in attempt to control these novel properties through manipulation of size, shape, structure, and composition. Flexibly nanocrystal size/shape control for both monodisperse single and multiple-oxide nanomaterial systems, however, remains largely empirical and still presents a great challenge. In this dissertation, new synthetic approaches have been developed and described for the synthetic design of a series of colloidal monodisperse metal oxide, mixed metal oxide, hybrid metal-oxide nanocrystals with controlled size and shape. These materials were generally characterized using TEM/HRTEM, SEM, SAED, EDS, XRD, XPS, FTIR, TGA-DTA, UV-vis, photoluminescence, BET techniques. Effect of the size and shape of these obtained hybrid metal-oxide nanocrystals on the catalytic properties is illustrated. We have developed three different new surfactant-assistant pathways for the large-scale synthesis of three types of nanomaterials including metal oxide, mixed metal oxide, hybrid noble-metal-oxide colloidal monodisperse nanocrystals. Namely, the solvo-hydrothermal surfactant-assisted methods in one-phase (water or water/ethanol) and two-phase (water-toluene) systems were used for the synthesis of metal oxide (transition metal-V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, In and rare earth-Sm, Ce, La, Gd, Er, Ti, Y, Zr) and mixed metal oxide (tungstate, orthovanadate, molybdate). The seed-media growth with the assistant of bifunctional surfactant was used for the synthesis of hybrid noble metal@oxide (Ag@TiO2, (Cu or Ag)@CeO2, Au/tungstate, Ag/molybdate, etc.) nanocrystals. A significant feature of our synthetic approaches was pointed out that most resulting nanocrystal products are monodisperse, high crystallinity, uniform shape, and narrow distribution. The size and shape of such nanocrystals can be controlled easily by simple tuning the reaction parameters such as the concentration of precursors and surfactants, the nature of surfactant, the temperature and time of synthetic reaction. The prepared nanocrystals with the functional surface were used as the building blocks for the self-assembly into hierarchical mesocrystal microspheres. The effective ways how to control the growth kinetics of the nuclei and the shape-guiding mechanisms leading to the manipulation of morphology of final products were proposed. Our current approaches have several conveniences including used nontoxic and inexpensive reagents (most using inorganic metal salts as starting precursors instead of expensive and toxic metallic alkoxides or organometallics), relatively mild conditions, high-yield, and large-scale production; in some causes, water or ethanol was used as environmentally benign reaction solvent. Catalytic activity and selectivity are governed by the nature of the catalyst surface, making shaped nanocrystals ideal substrates for understanding the influence of surface structure on heterogeneous catalysis at the nanoscale. Finally, this work was concentrated on demonstration of heterogeneous catalytic activity of hybrid metal-oxide nanomaterials (Cu@CeO2, Ag@TiO2) as a typical example. We synthesized the high-crystalline titanium oxide and cerium oxide nanocrystals with control over their shape and surface chemistry in high yield via the aqueous surfactant-assist method. The novel hybrid metal-oxide nanocrystals were produced by the depositing noble metal ion (Cu, Ag, Au) precursors on the pre-synthesized oxide seeds via seed-mediated growth. The catalytic activity of these metal-oxide nanohybrids of Cu@CeO2 nanocubes for CO oxidation conversion and Ag@TiO2 nanobelts for Methylene Blue photodegradation with size/shape-dependent properties were verified

Micro-mechanics of 3D architectured metals synthesized by electrodeposition

Cellular metallic materials have emerged as a new promising class of materials due to their lightweight porous structures and advanced multi-functional properties. Originally limited to random metallic foams, modern lithography techniques have enabled the design of hierarchical cellular structures with tailored mechanical properties. In addition, the mechanical properties of micro-cellular metals can be further improved by taking advantage of the properties of metals, which are size-sensitive at this length scale. It is therefore expected that the combination of architectured cellular designs with size effects in metals would result in materials with unprecedented mechanical properties. The present thesis aims at investigating and understanding the influence of size effects on the mechanical properties of three-dimensional micro-architectured metal structures synthesized using advanced lithography techniques and electrochemical deposition of metals. Electrodeposited copper films with engineered microstructures and nickel-based hierarchical micro-cellular structures were manufactured and tested under uniaxial loading conditions. The results of the tests were used to evaluate the contribution of the size effects and/or architecture to the change in mechanical properties and deformation behavior. The influence of the intrinsic size effect was first demonstrated in electrodeposited pure copper films. Using nanoscale twins to engineer the grain boundaries, it was possible to produce copper films with high strength and significantly tune the mechanical properties by adjusting the twin orientation. The combination of size effects was then investigated for two types of micro-architecture. The first type of metal micro-architecture was obtained by plating nanocrystalline Ni inside a self-assembled colloidal crystal of microspheres in order to produce a regular inverse opal. The second type was fabricated by metallizing a 3D polymer template produced by 3D laser lithography with an amorphous NiB coating. Results show that there is a complex interaction between the characteristic external dimension and cellular structure. For regular Ni inverse opal, there is a complex interaction between the ligament size and the grain size which defines the overall strength of cellular metals. In the case of hybrid NiB/polymer structures, the brittle-to-ductile transition in the amorphous NiB coating and the architecture effect are coupled. By varying the NiB thickness and the architecture geometry, it is possible to control the deformation mechanism from global buckling to brittle failure and to tune the energy absorption characteristics of the micro-architectures. Through these case studies, it was demonstrated that the combination of grain boundary engineering, sub-micron geometrical features and overall architecture can yield 3D metallic micro-architectures, which are both light and strong and have tailored mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of some of these materials exceed the properties of either of the parent materials. Therefore, the constitutive mechanical laws for porous metals should be modified to account for these three effects all together. The results confirmed the potential of our experimental approach and provide a practical way to extend the material property-space