Matching Network Elimination in Broadband Rectennas for High-Efficiency Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting

Impedance matching networks for nonlinear devices such as amplifiers and rectifiers are normally very challenging to design, particularly for broadband and multiband devices. A novel design concept for a broadband high-efficiency rectenna without using matching networks is presented in this paper for the first time. An off-center-fed dipole antenna with relatively high input impedance over a wide frequency band is proposed. The antenna impedance can be tuned to the desired value and directly provides a complex conjugate match to the impedance of a rectifier. The received RF power by the antenna can be delivered to the rectifier efficiently without using impedance matching networks; thus, the proposed rectenna is of a simple structure, low cost, and compact size. In addition, the rectenna can work well under different operating conditions and using different types of rectifying diodes. A rectenna has been designed and made based on this concept. The measured results show that the rectenna is of high power conversion efficiency (more than 60%) in two wide bands, which are 0.9-1.1 and 1.8-2.5 GHz, for mobile, Wi-Fi, and ISM bands. Moreover, by using different diodes, the rectenna can maintain its wide bandwidth and high efficiency over a wide range of input power levels (from 0 to 23 dBm) and load values (from 200 to 2000 Ω). It is, therefore, suitable for high-efficiency wireless power transfer or energy harvesting applications. The proposed rectenna is general and simple in structure without the need for a matching network hence is of great significance for many applications

High-efficiency 2.45 and 5.8 GHz dual-band rectifier design with modulated input signals and a wide input power range

This paper presents a new rectifier design for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting by adopting a particular circuit topology to achieve two objectives at the same time. First, work with modulated input signal sources instead of only continuous waveform (CW) signals. Second, operate with a wide input power range using the Wilkinson power divider (WPD) and two different rectifier diodes (HSMS2852 and SMS7630) instead of using active components. According to the comparison with dual-band rectifiers presented in the literature, the designed rectifier is a high-efficiency rectifier for wide RF power input ranges. A peak of 67.041% and 49.089% was reached for 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, respectively, for CW as the input signal. An efficiency of 72.325% and 45.935% is obtained with a 16 QAM modulated input signal for the operating frequencies, respectively, 69.979% and 54.579% for 8PSK. The results obtained demonstrate that energy recovery systems can use modulated signals. Therefore, the use of a modulated signal over a CW signal may have additional benefits

Novel Compact and Broadband Frequency-Selectable Rectennas for a Wide Input-Power and Load Impedance Range

Wireless power transfer (WPT) and wireless energy harvesting (WEH) using rectennas are becoming an emerging technology. This paper presents a novel design method for a rectenna suitable for a wide range of selectable operating frequency band, input power level, and load impedance. Most importantly, it is realized without using complex impedance matching networks which shows significant advantages over existing rectennas in terms of the structure and cost. A rectenna example has been designed, made, and tested using this novel method. The proposed rectenna has a compact size of 90 × 90 × 1.58 mm 3 and operates at four different frequency bands that are selectable from 1.1 to 2.7 GHz. Over 60% (up to 85%) energy conversion efficiency is achieved for the input power from 0 to 15 dBm and load impedance between 700 and 4500 Ω. The rectenna shows excellent performance for the target applications (WPT and WEH) with a much-simplified structure and reduced cost

A 2.45/5.8 GHz high-efficiency dual-band rectifier for low radio frequency input power

This article proposes a concurrent rectifier for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting from the popular ambient RF sources wireless fidelity (WiFi) 2.45 and 5.8 GHz bands. A voltage doubler-based converter circuit with the Schottky SMS7630 diode is used, this chosen diode has shown good results for low power levels. To ameliorate the resulting circuit, we used an interdigital capacitor (IDC) instead of a lumped component; and then we added a filter to reject the 3rd harmonics of each operating frequency. A dual-band impedance transformer with a direct current (DC) block function is used and optimized at low input power points for more harvested DC power. The final circuit was, therefore, more efficient and more reliable. The maximum conversion efficiencies obtained from the resulting circuit are about 60.321% for 2.45 GHz and 47.175% for 5.8 GHz at 2 dBm of input power. Compared to other previous rectifiers presented in the literature, our proposed circuit presents high efficiencies at low power levels and at these operating frequencies

High Efficiency and High Sensitivity Wireless Power Transfer and Wireless Power Harvesting Systems.

In this dissertation, several approaches to improve the efficiency and sensitivity of wireless power transfer and wireless power harvesting systems, and to enhance their performance in fluctuant and unpredictable circumstances are described. Firstly, a nonlinear resonance circuit described by second-order differential equation with cubic-order nonlinearities (the Duffing equation) is developed. The Duffing nonlinear resonance circuit has significantly wider bandwidth as compared to conventional linear resonators, while achieving a similar level of amplitude. The Duffing resonator is successfully applied to the design of WPT systems to improve their tolerance to coupling factor variations stemming from changes of transmission distance and alignment of coupled coils. Subsequently, a high sensitivity wireless power harvester which collects RF energy from AM broadcast stations for powering the wireless sensors in structural health monitoring systems is introduced. The harvester demonstrates the capability of providing net RF power within 6 miles away from a local 50 kW AM station. The aforementioned Duffing resonator is also used in the design of WPH systems to improve their tolerance to frequency misalignment resulting from component aging, coupling to surrounding objects or variations of environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.). At last, a rectifier array circuit with an adaptive power distribution method for wide dynamic range operation is developed. Adaptive power distribution is achieved through impedance transformation of the rectifiers’ nonlinear impedance with a passive network. The rectifier array achieves high RF-to-DC efficiency within a wide range of input power levels, and is useful in both WPT and WPH applications where levels of the RF power collected by the receiver are subject to unpredictable fluctuations.PhDElectrical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/133338/1/tinyfish_1.pd

Design of efficient microwave power amplifier systems

In the future communication systems, it is of key importance that the transceivers are capable of operating in multiple frequency bands and with complex signals. In this context, the power amplifier is a critical component of the transceiver, since it is responsible for most of the total power consumption in base stations and portable devices. Apart from the power consumption, the design of power amplifier systems must account for multi-band/broadband capabilities, high peak-toaverage power ratio signals and the mismatch effect caused by the various operating conditions. Hence, the design of power amplifier topologies that enhance the total system efficiency and reliability is a challenging task. This PhD dissertation introduces novel power amplifier architectures and solutions for modern communication systems. The contributions of this thesis can be divided in two parts. The first part deals with the study and design of power amplifier systems. It is of major importance that these designs provide linear amplification and operation at multiple frequency bands, which will permit the reduction of the cost and size of the devices. Additionally, we investigate the possibility to harvest the dissipated power from the power amplification process. For the development of the prototypes, lumped-element topologies, transmission line implementation and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology are adopted. In the second part of the thesis, novel matching networks are introduced and their properties are studied. In particular, resistance compression topologies are proposed to overcome the performance degradation associated with the sensitivity of nonlinear devices to environmental changes. These networks can be adopted in modern power amplifier architectures, such as envelope tracking and outphasing energy recovery power amplifier topologies, in order to provide improved performance over a wide range of operating conditions.Es primordial que los transceptores de los futuros sistemas de comunicación sean capaces de operar en múltiples bandas de frecuencia y con señales complejas. En este contexto, el amplificador de potencia es un componente crítico del transceptor dado que su consumo energético supone la mayor parte del consumo tanto de las estaciones base como de los dispositivos móviles. Aparte del consumo energético, los nuevos diseños de sistemas de amplificación de potencia deben considerar aspectos como la capacidad de operar en múltiples bandas o en banda ancha, el uso de señales con alta relación de potencia pico a potencia media (PAPR) y el efecto de desadaptación que aparece bajo las diferentes condiciones de funcionamiento. Por lo tanto, el diseño de nuevas topologías para amplificadores de potencia que mejoren la eficiencia total del sistema y la fiabilidad es una tarea compleja. Esta tesis doctoral presenta nuevas arquitecturas de amplificadores de potencia y soluciones para los sistemas de comunicación modernos. Las contribuciones de esta tesis se pueden dividir en dos partes. La primera parte se centra en el estudio y diseño de sistemas de amplificación de potencia con el fin de proporcionar amplificación lineal y funcionamiento en múltiples bandas de frecuencia, lo que permitirá reducir el coste y tamaño de los dispositivos. Además, se investiga la posibilidad de reutilizar la energía disipada en el proceso de amplificación de potencia. Para el desarrollo de los prototipos, se utilizan topologías hibridas, implementaciones con líneas de transmisión y tecnología de guía de onda integrada en sustrato (SIW). En la segunda parte de la tesis, se proponen redes de adaptación y se estudian sus propiedades. En particular, se proponen topologías de compresión de resistencia para minimizar el efecto que producen en el rendimiento la sensibilidad de los dispositivos no lineales a los cambios ambientales. Estas redes pueden ser utilizadas en arquitecturas modernas de amplificadores de potencia como pueden ser las topologías envelope tracking y outphasing energy recovery con el fin de proporcionar un rendimiento mejorado bajo múltiples condiciones de funcionamiento

Compact rectifier circuit design for harvesting gsm/900 ambient energy

In this paper, a compact rectifier, capable of harvesting ambient radio frequency (RF) power is proposed. The total size of the rectifier is 45.4 mm x 7.8 mm x 1.6 mm, designed on FR-4 substrate using a single-stage voltage multiplier at 900 MHz. GSM/900 is among the favorable RF Energy Harvesting (RFEH) energy sources that span over a wide range with minimal path loss and high input power. The proposed RFEH rectifier achieves measured and simulated RF-to-dc (RF to direct current) power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 43.6% and 44.3% for 0 dBm input power, respectively. Additionally, the rectifier attained 3.1 V DC output voltage across 2 k omega load terminal for 14 dBm and is capable of sensing low input power at -20 dBm. The work presents a compact rectifier to harvest RF energy at 900 MHz, making it a good candidate for low powered wireless communication systems as compares to the other state of the art rectifier