464 research outputs found

    Technology of swallowable capsule for medical applications

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    Medical technology has undergone major breakthroughs in recent years, especially in the area of the examination tools for diagnostic purposes. This paper reviews the swallowable capsule technology in the examination of the gastrointestinal system for various diseases. The wireless camera pill has created a more advanced method than many traditional examination methods for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases such as gastroscopy by the use of an endoscope. After years of great innovation, commercial swallowable pills have been produced and applied in clinical practice. These smart pills can cover the examination of the gastrointestinal system and not only provide to the physicians a lot more useful data that is not available from the traditional methods, but also eliminates the use of the painful endoscopy procedure. In this paper, the key state-of-the-art technologies in the existing Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) systems are fully reported and the recent research progresses related to these technologies are reviewed. The paper ends by further discussion on the current technical bottlenecks and future research in this area

    A System-on-Chip solution for a low power active capsule endoscope with therapeutic capabilities for clip application in the gastrointestinal tract

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    This paper addresses the circuit implementation challenges resulting from the integration of a therapeutic clip in a magnetically maneuverable wireless capsule intended for colonoscopy. To deal with the size constraints typical of a capsule endoscope, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) has been designed specifically to habilitate the release of the therapeutic clip. The ASIC is a complete System on Chip (SoC) that incorporates a circuit for the low power release of the clip, thus overcoming the limitations of the power supply system. With a size of 14mm2, the ASIC can be incorporated in practically any capsule endoscope, consuming only an idle-state power of 1.5mW

    Wireless Capsule Endoscope Localization with Phase Detection Algorithm and Simplified Human Body Model

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    Wireless endoscopic capsules can visualize the inside of the digestive tract for the purpose of gastrointestinal diseases diagnose. In order to implement the appropriate treatment method, the transmitted picture should be followed by the information on the location of the endoscope. The article presents the method of localization of endoscopic capsules with wireless transmitter based on the detection of phase difference of signals in the receiver located on patients body. The proposed method uses simplified human body models that can change their dielectric properties to improve the location of the capsule endoscope

    Wireless capsule gastrointestinal endoscopy: direction of arrival estimation based localization survey

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    One of the significant challenges in Capsule Endoscopy (CE) is to precisely determine the pathologies location. The localization process is primarily estimated using the received signal strength from sensors in the capsule system through its movement in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Consequently, the wireless capsule endoscope (WCE) system requires improvement to handle the lack of the capsule instantaneous localization information and to solve the relatively low transmission data rate challenges. Furthermore, the association between the capsule’s transmitter position, capsule location, signal reduction and the capsule direction should be assessed. These measurements deliver significant information for the instantaneous capsule localization systems based on TOA (time of arrival) approach, PDOA (phase difference of arrival), RSS (received signal strength), electromagnetic, DOA (direction of arrival) and video tracking approaches are developed to locate the WCE precisely. The current article introduces the acquisition concept of the GI medical images using the endoscopy with a comprehensive description of the endoscopy system components. Capsule localization and tracking are considered to be the most important features of the WCE system, thus the current article emphasizes the most common localization systems generally, highlighting the DOA-based localization systems and discusses the required significant research challenges to be addressed

    On Simultaneous Localization and Mapping inside the Human Body (Body-SLAM)

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    Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) offers a patient-friendly, non-invasive and painless investigation of the entire small intestine, where other conventional wired endoscopic instruments can barely reach. As a critical component of the capsule endoscopic examination, physicians need to know the precise position of the endoscopic capsule in order to identify the position of intestinal disease after it is detected by the video source. To define the position of the endoscopic capsule, we need to have a map of inside the human body. However, since the shape of the small intestine is extremely complex and the RF signal propagates differently in the non-homogeneous body tissues, accurate mapping and localization inside small intestine is very challenging. In this dissertation, we present an in-body simultaneous localization and mapping technique (Body-SLAM) to enhance the positioning accuracy of the WCE inside the small intestine and reconstruct the trajectory the capsule has traveled. In this way, the positions of the intestinal diseases can be accurately located on the map of inside human body, therefore, facilitates the following up therapeutic operations. The proposed approach takes advantage of data fusion from two sources that come with the WCE: image sequences captured by the WCE\u27s embedded camera and the RF signal emitted by the capsule. This approach estimates the speed and orientation of the endoscopic capsule by analyzing displacements of feature points between consecutive images. Then, it integrates this motion information with the RF measurements by employing a Kalman filter to smooth the localization results and generate the route that the WCE has traveled. The performance of the proposed motion tracking algorithm is validated using empirical data from the patients and this motion model is later imported into a virtual testbed to test the performance of the alternative Body-SLAM algorithms. Experimental results show that the proposed Body-SLAM technique is able to provide accurate tracking of the WCE with average error of less than 2.3cm

    On the Accuracy of Wireless Capsule Endoscope RF and Visual Localization

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    Wireless capsule endoscope (WCE) is becoming one of the most patient-friendly inspection device which provides visual investigation of entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract, while the other traditional (wired) endoscopic devices are usually designed for colon inspection. Locating abnormalities tract such as tumors, polyps and bleedings with wire-connected endoscope in GI tract is simple as long as we could measure the length of the wires inside human body. When WCE is applied, however, this becomes a critical challenge of examination since there is no wires connected to WCE while physicians need to find the exact locations of WCE to identify the position of abnormalities. To locate the WCE accurately, methods have come up in last decade including time of arrival (TOA) based methods, received signal strength (RSS) based methods, phase difference of arrival (PDOA) based methods, electromagnetic methods and video-based tracking methods, etc.. In this thesis, time of arrival (TOA), phase difference of arrival (PDOA) and video based localization methods are proposed and their performance are analyzed. We first propose an novel video-based tracking technique based on maximum mutual information. With this technique, we can tell the displacement and rotation between consecutive frames. Then in TOA chapter, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of TOA ranging inside homogeneous tissue is calculated first then three TOA ranging methods are proposed and compared with the CRLB which is used as the performance guideline. After that, PDOA based ranging technique is applied exploiting phase difference of two signals. Since the phase difference is taken into consideration, the ranging ambiguity is eliminated. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed PDOA ranging method. Finally, these ranging methods are evaluated in non-homogeneous tissues, the results of which are also compared to that in homogeneous tissue to analyze the impact of non-homogeneity
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