10 research outputs found

    Optimised Design of Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines for Household Appliances

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    This paper is focused on the design, optimisation and control of a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance machine (PMaSynRel) for low cost high efficiency household appliances, in particular a motor for washing machine. The design and optimisation of the motor aims at maximising the torque produced and power factor, while minimise torque oscillations and the losses, thus improving the efficiency. A campaign of tests has been carried out on the prototype of the optimised machine, comparing finite element results and experimental measurements as a validation of the proposed design. In addition, torque ripple measurements are confirming that the solution proposed is meeting the optimisation design targets. The outcomes of this project are demonstrating that PMaSynRel drives are a suitable candidate for white goods sector, and that the proposed design is able to boost the performance and efficiency class with respect to the state-of-the-art solutions

    Design and Optimization of High-Torque Ferrite Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor

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    Vysokomomentový asistovaný synchronní reluktanční motor může být, soudě podle nízkého počtu publikovaných článků, stále považován za relativně málo prozkoumané téma výzkumu. Tato ale i další výhody, jako nízká výrobní cena a vysoká hustota výkonu poutají pozornost výzkumných pracovníků. Navzdory tomu, že tento druh motoru je zajímavější z pohledu konvenčních nebo vysokootáčkových aplikací, tak se i trakční aplikace dostávají do popředí s tím, jak jsou objevovány vlastnosti tohoto motoru. Tato práce se zaměřuje na návrh tohoto typu motoru pro pohon lodi, který je navržen aby dosahoval vysokého momentu při nízkých otáčkách. Aplikace je definována výkonem 55 kW při 150 otáčkách za minutu a použitím levných feritových magnetů s cílem nízké ceny motoru. Návrh motoru je úzce propojen s optimalizačními algoritmy aby bylo dosaženo co nejlepšího výkonu v daném objemu stroje. Navzdory tomu, že návrh samotný je velice zajímavým tématem, tak práce deklaruje další teze, které jsou rovněž zajímavé a důležité. Vzhledem k tomu, že je práce zaměřena i na optimalizaci, tak prvním cílem práce je porovnání různých optimalizačních metod. V této práci jsou nejenom že různé druhy optimalizačních algoritmů, samoorganizující migrující algoritmus a genetický algoritmus, porovnány, ale jsou zde porovnány i různé optimalizační metody. Metoda založená na definování preferenčního vektoru a ideální multi-objektivní metody jsou v rovněž v této práci srovnány. Tyto algoritmy jsou srovnány v případě více optimalizovaných parametrů. Dalším scénářem pro porovnání ideálních multi-objektivních algoritmů je ten s menším počtem parametrů. Posledním cílem práce je laboratorní měření navrženého optimalizovaného stroje, které rovněž představuje další set výzev v této práci, které jsou diskutovány v poslední kapitole této práce.The high-torque assisted synchronous reluctance machine could be still considered, based on the relatively low amount of publications, as a rather unknown area of research. This and other main advantages, such as low manufacturing cost and a higher torque density of this machine type are driving researchers interest. Even though this machine type has become more interesting in the conventional or high-speed applications, the area of traction applications is slowly getting forward as the machine capabilities are discovered. This thesis is serving just this purpose of developing the ship propulsion driving motor, that is capable of sustaining the high-torque at low-speed. The application is defined by the 55 kW at 150 rpm using the low- cost ferrite magnets aiming to lower the cost. The design will be closely tied with optimization algorithms to deliver the best possible performance in the given volume. However the design challenge being difficult task on its own, the thesis is declaring other goals within, that are still very interesting and important. Since the optimization is included in the design process, the first goal, concluding from the given topic is to compare various optimization methods. Not only the two different optimization algorithms, self-organizing migrating algorithm and genetic algorithm, will be compared in the thesis, but even two multi-objective optimization approaches will be compared as well. The preference based vector and ideal multi-objective optimization techniques comparison will be demonstrated in one optimization scenario with a higher amount of optimized parameters. Other demonstrated goal within the thesis is the comparison of ideal multi-objective optimization with a lower number of parameters. The last goal will be the measurement of the designed and optimized machine, that introduced variety of challenges itself and all of them will be discussed within the last chapter.

    Design and optimization of electrical machines with high anisotropy for transport applications

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    In the following thesis, different solutions of PMASR and low-PM amount Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) for different traction applications are presented, optimized, and finally experimentally validated. The work here reported reflects different research activities done during the 3-year Ph.D. program. Here it has been split into 5 chapters: Chapter 1: a comprehensive historical and technical review regarding electric motors in the transport sector and PM materials is presented as an introduction, to explain why a low-PM amount electric motor solution has to be preferred to a conventional PM electric motor solution. The current EVs automotive market and the available EVs lineup are analyzed from a technical point of view. Chapter 2: two different case studies are presented: the first one consists of a small-EV application, whereas the second case study consists of a light-railway application, such as trams or small trains. For the first one both a PMASR and an Inset IPM topology have been proposed, while in the second one a particular IPM machine topology has been considered the best candidate. In both cases, a sensitivity analysis based also on some analytical considerations has been completed to get proper designs to cover the requested performance. Chapter 3: For both cases presented in the previous chapter, a further optimization procedure based on Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms has been performed, to reach the best final topology solutions. Chapter 4: The experimental validations for both motors presented as solutions for Case 1 (PMASR and Inset IPM) are here reported and commented, using back-emf and flux mapping procedures. Chapter 5: Two further IPM solutions for Case 1 are reported. The two solutions present the same stator topologies used for the manufactured motors analyzed in the previous chapter, allowing further reduce the PM weight. The mechanical stress studies have been performed and the designs have been deliberated to be eventually manufactured to conduct the same experimental validation procedure presented in chapter 4. Chapter 6: the work presented is briefly summarised and some conclusions based on the findings reported in the previous chapters are given. Possible future extensions to the work are presented

    Novel sizing and modeling techniques for synchronous reluctance machines

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    In recent years, there is a growing interest for high efficiency electric motors without, or with reduce content of, permanent magnets (PMs) for industrial applications. The Synchronous Reluctance (SynRel) machine is one of the most promising candidates that can meet the requirements of efficient and low cost drive [1]. The key benefits of this technology are a rotor structure made of flux barriers and iron parts, without excitation coils or PMs, like in induction motors (IM) and PM machines, respectively [2]. This leads to a cost effective structure that is using the reluctance principle to generate torque. The reluctance machine topology was introduced in 1920s, however has not been utilised at high industrial volumes yet due to superiority of the alternative technologies. IMs are considered as an industry “work horse”, which dominates the electrical machines market in applications such as industrial fans, pumps and mill type loads, as it is known to be the cheapest and the most reliable machine topology. On the other hand, PMs are mostly used in high performance applications, where the power-density is of the priority. Whereas, the interest in SynRel is mainly driven by lack of magnets or any other field excitation, as well as high efficiency [3], [4], [5]. The rare-earth permanent magnets began to commercialize for electrical motors in early 1980s. Various types of applications such as electric vehicles, wind turbines, actuators, started utilization of the PM synchronous machines [6], [7], [8]. Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets are the common type for the high-performance applications due to their superior magnetic properties. In comparison the remanent flux density Br and coercivity Hc values of NdFeB are higher than any other type of magnets i.e. samarium-cobalt (SM2Co17), which was the major breakthrough in 1970s [9], and it is still extensively used when operating temperatures are very high. The main downfall of the NdFeB is the cost. The prices of the Neodymium had a huge spike in the mid-2011, as it was increased by factor of 25 compared to the beginning of 2010 [10], [11]. After hitting its peak, the price dropped rapidly and settled at its pre-bubble price [12]. Such price instability had a huge financial effect on PM machine manufacturers. Hence, as of 2019, there is a high research 4 emphasis on electrical machines with low volume of rare earth permanent magnet material [13], [14]. There is also a growing interest in very high efficiency, or super-premium efficiency electrical machines for the industrial sector [2], [15], [16]. This is driven by new requirements of the local governments for the industrial sector, as well as the world trend towards the reduction of the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [17], [18]. Currently world leading manufacturers and R&D institutions are constantly investigating the possibility of increasing the efficiency using inexpensivee solutions. SynRel is a promising technology, which has features that are aligned with both research streams – high efficiency as well as lack of magnets [10], [12]. Leading manufacturing companies such as ABB (“Asea Brown Boveri”), KSB ("Klein, Schanzlin & Becker") and Siemens already started the serial production of the high efficiency SynRel. However, despite its advantages, there are still number of problems that are being investigated. From the machine design perspective, the main challenges of the topology come from the complex anisotropic structure of the rotor. Torque ripple, power factor and other secondary effects such as rotor iron losses, vibration and noise, are the main issues in SynRel [19], [20]. These issues mainly addressed using comprehensive analysis and optimization using FE. The proposed ideas and innovative techniques that are described in this thesis could significantly reduce time and effort required to design the SynRel machines. In some cases, it was shown that the time-consuming design optimization by means of FE can be bypassed. This is achieved by applying new dimensioning techniques, hence leading to a quick and effective design tools that is applicable for the wide power range machines

    Design and optimization of electrical machines with high anisotropy for transport applications

    Get PDF
    In the following thesis, different solutions of PMASR and low-PM amount Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) for different traction applications are presented, optimized, and finally experimentally validated. The work here reported reflects different research activities done during the 3-year Ph.D. program. Here it has been split into 5 chapters: Chapter 1: a comprehensive historical and technical review regarding electric motors in the transport sector and PM materials is presented as an introduction, to explain why a low-PM amount electric motor solution has to be preferred to a conventional PM electric motor solution. The current EVs automotive market and the available EVs lineup are analyzed from a technical point of view. Chapter 2: two different case studies are presented: the first one consists of a small-EV application, whereas the second case study consists of a light-railway application, such as trams or small trains. For the first one both a PMASR and an Inset IPM topology have been proposed, while in the second one a particular IPM machine topology has been considered the best candidate. In both cases, a sensitivity analysis based also on some analytical considerations has been completed to get proper designs to cover the requested performance. Chapter 3: For both cases presented in the previous chapter, a further optimization procedure based on Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms has been performed, to reach the best final topology solutions. Chapter 4: The experimental validations for both motors presented as solutions for Case 1 (PMASR and Inset IPM) are here reported and commented, using back-emf and flux mapping procedures. Chapter 5: Two further IPM solutions for Case 1 are reported. The two solutions present the same stator topologies used for the manufactured motors analyzed in the previous chapter, allowing further reduce the PM weight. The mechanical stress studies have been performed and the designs have been deliberated to be eventually manufactured to conduct the same experimental validation procedure presented in chapter 4. Chapter 6: the work presented is briefly summarised and some conclusions based on the findings reported in the previous chapters are given. Possible future extensions to the work are presented

    Novel sizing and modeling techniques for synchronous reluctance machines

    Get PDF
    In recent years, there is a growing interest for high efficiency electric motors without, or with reduce content of, permanent magnets (PMs) for industrial applications. The Synchronous Reluctance (SynRel) machine is one of the most promising candidates that can meet the requirements of efficient and low cost drive [1]. The key benefits of this technology are a rotor structure made of flux barriers and iron parts, without excitation coils or PMs, like in induction motors (IM) and PM machines, respectively [2]. This leads to a cost effective structure that is using the reluctance principle to generate torque. The reluctance machine topology was introduced in 1920s, however has not been utilised at high industrial volumes yet due to superiority of the alternative technologies. IMs are considered as an industry “work horse”, which dominates the electrical machines market in applications such as industrial fans, pumps and mill type loads, as it is known to be the cheapest and the most reliable machine topology. On the other hand, PMs are mostly used in high performance applications, where the power-density is of the priority. Whereas, the interest in SynRel is mainly driven by lack of magnets or any other field excitation, as well as high efficiency [3], [4], [5]. The rare-earth permanent magnets began to commercialize for electrical motors in early 1980s. Various types of applications such as electric vehicles, wind turbines, actuators, started utilization of the PM synchronous machines [6], [7], [8]. Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets are the common type for the high-performance applications due to their superior magnetic properties. In comparison the remanent flux density Br and coercivity Hc values of NdFeB are higher than any other type of magnets i.e. samarium-cobalt (SM2Co17), which was the major breakthrough in 1970s [9], and it is still extensively used when operating temperatures are very high. The main downfall of the NdFeB is the cost. The prices of the Neodymium had a huge spike in the mid-2011, as it was increased by factor of 25 compared to the beginning of 2010 [10], [11]. After hitting its peak, the price dropped rapidly and settled at its pre-bubble price [12]. Such price instability had a huge financial effect on PM machine manufacturers. Hence, as of 2019, there is a high research 4 emphasis on electrical machines with low volume of rare earth permanent magnet material [13], [14]. There is also a growing interest in very high efficiency, or super-premium efficiency electrical machines for the industrial sector [2], [15], [16]. This is driven by new requirements of the local governments for the industrial sector, as well as the world trend towards the reduction of the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [17], [18]. Currently world leading manufacturers and R&D institutions are constantly investigating the possibility of increasing the efficiency using inexpensivee solutions. SynRel is a promising technology, which has features that are aligned with both research streams – high efficiency as well as lack of magnets [10], [12]. Leading manufacturing companies such as ABB (“Asea Brown Boveri”), KSB ("Klein, Schanzlin & Becker") and Siemens already started the serial production of the high efficiency SynRel. However, despite its advantages, there are still number of problems that are being investigated. From the machine design perspective, the main challenges of the topology come from the complex anisotropic structure of the rotor. Torque ripple, power factor and other secondary effects such as rotor iron losses, vibration and noise, are the main issues in SynRel [19], [20]. These issues mainly addressed using comprehensive analysis and optimization using FE. The proposed ideas and innovative techniques that are described in this thesis could significantly reduce time and effort required to design the SynRel machines. In some cases, it was shown that the time-consuming design optimization by means of FE can be bypassed. This is achieved by applying new dimensioning techniques, hence leading to a quick and effective design tools that is applicable for the wide power range machines

    Comparison of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines for a high-speed application

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    Permanent Magnet machines have been increasingly used in high-speed applications due to the advantages they offer such as higher efficiency, output torque and, output power. This dissertation discusses the electrical and magnetic design of permanent magnet machines and the design and analysis of two 10 kW, 30000 rpm Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) machines. This dissertation consists of two parts: the first part discusses high-speed machine topologies, and in particular the permanent magnet machine. Trends, advantages, disadvantages, recent developments, etc. are discussed and conclusions are made. The second part presents the design, analysis and testing of interior permanent magnet machines for a high-speed application. The machines are designed from first principles and are simulated using Ansys Maxwell software to understand the finite element analysis. In order to obtain a fair comparison between the machines, the required output criteria was used as the judging criteria (10kW, 30000 rpm). As a result, the rotor diameter, stator diameter, airgap length, and stack length were kept the same for both machines. The winding configuration was set as distributed windings, however the number of turns and other details were kept flexible in order to be able to obtain the best design for each machine. Similarly, the magnet volume was kept flexible as this could be used as a comparison criteria relating to the cost of the machines. The two IPM topologies are compared with respect to their torque, magnetic field, airgap flux, core loss, efficiency, and cost. The radial IPM produces a smoother torque output, with lower torque ripple, and has lower losses compared to the circumferential IPM which produces a higher torque and power output. Furthermore, the circumferential IPM also experiences much higher torque ripple and core losses, both of which are highly undesirable characteristics for high-speed machines. In addition, the circumferential IPM has a much more complex manufacturing process compared to the radial IPM which would significantly increase the cost of prototyping the machine, thus the radial IPM was selected for prototyping and brief experimental analysis. The radial IPM has been experimentally tested under no-load conditions. These results were successfully compared to the simulated and analytical results to show correlation between the design and experimental process. Potential areas of further work may include conducting detailed loss analysis to understand the effects that changing various design parameters has on the core loss and overall performance. Detailed thermal and mechanical analysis of the machines may also result in interesting conclusions that would alter the design of the machine to make it more efficient

    Investigation of Doubly Salient Stator Slot Permanent Magnet Machines

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    Variable flux reluctance machines (VFRMs), which have both field and armature windings on the stator, are novel types of magnetless machines with a simple and robust mechanical structure and a low manufacturing cost. However, their electromagnetic performance, especially their overloading capability, is limited by high magnetic saturation due to field excitation. Therefore, circumferentially magnetized permanent magnets (PMs) are placed in the stator slot openings in order to (a) alleviate the magnetic saturation and (b) increase the torque capability based on VFRM, which leads to novel machine topologies, i.e. hybrid excited stator slot PM machines (HESSPMs) and stator slot PM machines (SSPMs). The effects of PMs in the stator slot openings are comparatively investigated for VFRMs, HESSPMs and SSPMs together with the discussion of the unique fault tolerant feature in stator slot PM machines. Furthermore, the overlapping winding (OW) layouts with coil pitches of 3 stator slot pitches are proposed in the three machine topologies in order to enhance the torque density. The electromagnetic performance of each machine topology, with OW and non-overlapping winding (NOW) and various feasible stator slot/rotor pole number combinations, is comparatively studied by finite element method. It shows that the proposed OW layout can improve the average torque of VFRM, HESSPM and SSPM with the optimal stator/rotor pole number combination. The proposed OW layout will be more competitive for the machines with a longer axial length and reduced end-effect. Prototype machines for these three machine topologies with both NOW and OW are built and tested to validate the finite element predicted results

    9th International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems

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    The 9th International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems (EEMODS'15) was be held in Helsinki (Finland) on 15-17 September, 2015. The EEMODS'15 conferences have been very successful in attracting distinguished and international presenters and attendees. The wide variety of stakeholders has included professionals involved in manufacturing, marketing, and promotion of energy efficient motors and motor driven systems and representatives from research labs, academia, and public policy. EEMODS’15 provided a forum to discuss and debate the latest developments in the impacts of electrical motor systems (advanced motors and drives, compressors, pumps, and fans) on energy and the environment, the policies and programmes adopted and planned, and the technical and commercial advances made in the dissemination and penetration of energy-efficient motor systems. In addition EEMODS covered also energy management in organizations, international harmonization of test method and financing of energy efficiency in motor systems. The Book of Proceedings contains the peer reviewed paper that have been presented at the conference.JRC.F.7-Renewables and Energy Efficienc

    Proceedings of the 10th international conference on energy efficiency in motor driven systems (EEMODS' 2017)

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    The 10th International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems (EEMODS'17) was be held in Rome (Italy) on 6-8 September, 2017. The EEMODS conferences have been very successful in attracting distinguished and international presenters and attendees. The wide variety of stakeholders has included professionals involved in manufacturing, marketing, and promotion of energy efficient motors and motor driven systems and representatives from research labs, academia, and public policy. EEMODS’15 provided a forum to discuss and debate the latest developments in the impacts of electrical motor systems (advanced motors and drives, compressors, pumps, and fans) on energy and the environment, the policies and programmes adopted and planned, and the technical and commercial advances made in the dissemination and penetration of energy-efficient motor systems. In addition EEMODS covered also energy management in organizations, international harmonization of test method and financing of energy efficiency in motor systems. The Book of Proceedings contains the peer reviewed paper that have been presented at the conference.JRC.C.2-Energy Efficiency and Renewable
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