83 research outputs found

    Sensing for HOV/HOT Lanes Enforcement

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    The use and creation of combined high-occupancy vehicle/high-occupancy toll (HOV/HOT Lanes) have become more common in urban areas since all types of road users can take advantage of the lane either as a high- occupancy vehicle or opting in to pay a congestion adjusted free. However, to maintain working integrity of the lanes for all users, stepped enforcement to discourage cheating has been needed as more lanes are added. This study evaluated the capability of a novel image sensor device to automate detection of in-vehicle occupants to flag law enforcement of HOV/HOT lane violators. The sensor device synchronously captures three co-registered images, one in the visible spectrum and two others in the infrared bands. The key idea is that the infrared bands can enhance correct occupancy detection through known phenomenological spectral properties of objects and humans residing inside the vehicle. Several experiments were conducted to determine this capability across varied conditions and scenarios to assess detection segmentation algorithms of vehicle passengers and drivers. Although occupancy detection through vehicle glass could be achieved in many cases, improvements must be made to such a detection system to increase robustness and reliability as a law enforcement tool. These improvements were guided by the experimental results, as well as suggested methods for deployment if this or similar technologies were to be deployed in the future

    Sensing for HOV/HOT Lanes Enforcement

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    The use and creation of combined high-occupancy vehicle/high-occupancy toll (HOV/HOT Lanes) have become more common in urban areas since all types of road users can take advantage of the lane either as a high- occupancy vehicle or opting in to pay a congestion adjusted free. However, to maintain working integrity of the lanes for all users, stepped enforcement to discourage cheating has been needed as more lanes are added. This study evaluated the capability of a novel image sensor device to automate detection of in-vehicle occupants to flag law enforcement of HOV/HOT lane violators. The sensor device synchronously captures three co-registered images, one in the visible spectrum and two others in the infrared bands. The key idea is that the infrared bands can enhance correct occupancy detection through known phenomenological spectral properties of objects and humans residing inside the vehicle. Several experiments were conducted to determine this capability across varied conditions and scenarios to assess detection segmentation algorithms of vehicle passengers and drivers. Although occupancy detection through vehicle glass could be achieved in many cases, improvements must be made to such a detection system to increase robustness and reliability as a law enforcement tool. These improvements were guided by the experimental results, as well as suggested methods for deployment if this or similar technologies were to be deployed in the future

    Modelování vyzařování do horního poloprostoru z velkých světelných zdrojů

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    ABSTRACT: Article targets to show potential of software goniophotometer from point of view calculation of the luminous flux leads to upper hemisphere from road lighting system. Basis for this model is building in vyskovice. The thesis further focuses on modeling of radiation in the upper-half space from public lighting system, billboards, cars and windows. The calculation is done for the vyskovice region where the buildings, roads, pavements etc., are designed using AutoCAD as accurate as possible for maximum efficiency of calculation. The purpose of a goniophotometer is to measure luminous intensity or luminous intensity curves. The principle of a goniophotometer is that it allows measuring the luminous intensity in different planes and in different angles, which can be easily interpreted by a sphere with a network of calculation points. The goal of implementing such a network of calculation points is to extend the possibilities of a computational program for modeling the luminous intensity curves of existing luminaires as well as new luminaires. The main goal is calculating the radiation of the luminous flux flowing into the upper half from the outdoor lighting system. Based on the testing, it will be possible to create model of lighting system in city by inserting LDT data of real luminaires. From the resulting model it will be possible to quantify the proportion of the direct and indirect luminous flux flowing into the upper half space.ABSTRAKTNÍ: Cíle článku ukázat potenciál softwarového goniofotometru z hlediska výpočtu světelného toku vede na horní polokouli ze systému silničního osvětlení. Základem tohoto modelu je výstavba ve vyskovicích. Práce se dále zaměřuje na modelování záření v horní polovině prostoru ze systému veřejného osvětlení, billboardů, automobilů a oken. Výpočet je prováděn pro vyskovický region, kde jsou budovy, silnice, chodníky apod. Navrženy tak, aby byly co nejpřesněji využity AutoCAD pro maximální efektivitu výpočtu. Účelem goniofotometru je měření intenzity světla nebo křivek intenzity světla. Princip goniofotometru spočívá v tom, že umožňuje měřit světelnou intenzitu v různých rovinách a v různých úhlech, což lze snadno interpretovat koulí se sítí výpočtových bodů. Cílem implementace takové sítě výpočtových bodů je rozšířit možnosti výpočetního programu pro modelování křivek svítivosti stávajících svítidel a nových svítidel. Hlavním cílem je výpočet vyzařování světelného toku, který proudí do horní poloviny systému venkovního osvětlení. Na základě testování bude možné vytvořit model osvětlovacího systému ve městě vložením LDT dat reálných svítidel. Z výsledného modelu bude možné kvantifikovat podíl přímého a nepřímého světelného toku proudícího do horní poloviny prostoru.410 - Katedra elektroenergetikydobř

    Advanced signal processing techniques for WiFi-based Passive Radar for short-range surveillance

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    In this work, advanced signal processing techniques for a Passive Radar (PR) based on WiFi transmissions are considered. The possibility to exploit such a ubiquitous and accessible source is shown to be an appropriate choice for the detection, localization and imaging of vehicles, people and aircrafts within short ranges in both outdoor and indoor environments

    Hardware Development and Error Characterisation for the AFIT RAIL SAR System

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    This research is focussed on updating the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) Radar Instrumentation Lab (RAIL) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) experimental system. Firstly, this research assesses current hardware limitations and updates the system configuration and methodology to enable collections from a receiver in motion. Secondly, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals are used to form (SAR) images in multiple experimental and simulation configurations. This research analyses, characterises and attempts compensation of relevant SAR image error sources, such as Doppler shift or motion measurement errors (MMEs). Error characterisation is conducted using theoretical, simulated and experimental methods. Final experimental results are presented to verify performance of the updated SAR collection system and show improvements to the final product through an updated methodology and various signal processing techniques

    CCTV Technology Handbook

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    This CCTV Technology Handbook provides emergency responders, law enforcement security managers, and other security specialists with a reference to aid in planning, designing, and purchasing a CCTV system. This handbook includes a description of the capabilities and limitations of CCTV components used in security applications

    A Review and Analysis of Eye-Gaze Estimation Systems, Algorithms and Performance Evaluation Methods in Consumer Platforms

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    In this paper a review is presented of the research on eye gaze estimation techniques and applications, that has progressed in diverse ways over the past two decades. Several generic eye gaze use-cases are identified: desktop, TV, head-mounted, automotive and handheld devices. Analysis of the literature leads to the identification of several platform specific factors that influence gaze tracking accuracy. A key outcome from this review is the realization of a need to develop standardized methodologies for performance evaluation of gaze tracking systems and achieve consistency in their specification and comparative evaluation. To address this need, the concept of a methodological framework for practical evaluation of different gaze tracking systems is proposed.Comment: 25 pages, 13 figures, Accepted for publication in IEEE Access in July 201

    Automated surgical light positioning system using thermal-imaging and optical techniques

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    Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2019.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Surgical light systems (SLS) are used to ensure optimal light conditions during surgical procedures. At present, these light sources are adjusted manually by the surgeon or other operating room (OR) personnel. Manual adjustment of the SLS is problematic due to the necessity for a sterile environment. Surgeons must either adjust the SLS themselves, or communicate their requirements so that the OR assistants can position the lights to ensure optimal surgical conditions. Other complications with current SLS include mechanical problems, collisions, inaccessibility and illumination issues. It would be beneficial if the SLS could be automated to illuminate the wound without input from the surgeon. Therefore, the aim of this project was to test whether it is possible to identify a heat source (simulating a surgical wound), track this heat source in real time, and adjust a laser indicator (simulating a surgical light beam) mounted on an articulating assembly (analogous to an SLS). A system was developed that used an algorithm that identified and tracked a heat source and communicated to an automated articulating assembly to keep the laser indicator pointed at the heat source. The heat source was identified using thermal cameras and tracked using stereo optical cameras in three-dimensional space. The tracking accuracy and the manipulation accuracy were tested, and the results demonstrated that the combination of optical and thermal cameras with stereo image-processing techniques could be used to identify and track a heat source. This could further be used to guide an articulated assembly to keep a light beam pointed at the heat source with good accuracy. Therefore, this technology will contribute towards achieving full automation of SLS in the future. Following from the conclusions of this thesis, aspects have been identified and recommended for future research to achieve full automation and solve all SLS complications in the future.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: irurgiese ligstelsels (CLS’e) word gebruik om optimale ligtoestande tydens chirurgiese prosedures te verseker. Tans word dit deur die chirurg of ander personeel in die operasiesaal (OS) verstel. Om die CLS met die hand te verstel, is problematies weens die vereistes van 'n steriele omgewing. Chirurge wat nie die CLS self verstel nie, moet hul vereistes so kommunikeer sodat die verstelling deur die OS-assistente voldoende is om optimale chirurgiese omstandighede te verseker. Ander komplikasies met die huidige CLS sluit in: meganiese probleme, botsings, ontoeganklikheid en beligtingskwessies. Dit sal dus voordelig wees as die CLS geoutomatiseer kan word om die wond te verlig sonder insette van die chirurg. Die doel van hierdie projek was dus om te toets of dit moontlik is om 'n hittebron (wat die chirurgiese wond voorstel) te identifiseer, hierdie hittebron te volg en 'n laseraanwyser (simulasie van die chirurgiese ligstraal) aan te pas met 'n ge-artikulerende arm (voorstelling van 'n CLS). 'n Stelsel is ontwikkel wat 'n algoritme gebruik om 'n hittebron te identifiseer en te volg. Die inligting is dan oorgedra na 'n gemotoriseerde artikulerende arm, om die laseraanwyser na die hittebron te rig. Termiese kameras het die hittebron geïdentifiseer terwyl stereo-optiese kameras gebruik is om die hittebron te volg soos wat dit beweeg het. Die akkuraatheid van die arm se beheer is getoets en die resultate het getoon dat die kombinasie van optiese en termiese kameras met stereobeeld-verwerkingstegnieke gebruik kan word om 'n hittebron te identifiseer en te volg. Dit kan verder gebruik word om 'n artikulerende arm aan te pas om 'n ligstraal te rig na die hittebron, met voldoende akkuraatheid. As gevolg van die akkuraatheid sal hierdie tegnologie in die toekoms bydra tot die volle outomatisering van CLS. Na aanleiding van die gevolgtrekkings van hierdie tesis, is daar sekere aspekte geïdentifiseer en aanbevelings gemaak vir toekomstige navorsing om volle outomatisering te bereik en alle SLS-komplikasies in die toekoms op te los

    2D and 3D computer vision analysis of gaze, gender and age

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    Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been an active research area for over four decades. Research studies and commercial designs in this area have been largely facilitated by the visual modality which brings diversified functionality and improved usability to HCI interfaces by employing various computer vision techniques. This thesis explores a number of facial cues, such as gender, age and gaze, by performing 2D and 3D based computer vision analysis. The ultimate aim is to create a natural HCI strategy that can fulfil user expectations, augment user satisfaction and enrich user experience by understanding user characteristics and behaviours. To this end, salient features have been extracted and analysed from 2D and 3D face representations; 3D reconstruction algorithms and their compatible real-world imaging systems have been investigated; case study HCI systems have been designed to demonstrate the reliability, robustness, and applicability of the proposed method.More specifically, an unsupervised approach has been proposed to localise eye centres in images and videos accurately and efficiently. This is achieved by utilisation of two types of geometric features and eye models, complemented by an iris radius constraint and a selective oriented gradient filter specifically tailored to this modular scheme. This approach resolves challenges such as interfering facial edges, undesirable illumination conditions, head poses, and the presence of facial accessories and makeup. Tested on 3 publicly available databases (the BioID database, the GI4E database and the extended Yale Face Database b), and a self-collected database, this method outperforms all the methods in comparison and thus proves to be highly accurate and robust. Based on this approach, a gaze gesture recognition algorithm has been designed to increase the interactivity of HCI systems by encoding eye saccades into a communication channel similar to the role of hand gestures. As well as analysing eye/gaze data that represent user behaviours and reveal user intentions, this thesis also investigates the automatic recognition of user demographics such as gender and age. The Fisher Vector encoding algorithm is employed to construct visual vocabularies as salient features for gender and age classification. Algorithm evaluations on three publicly available databases (the FERET database, the LFW database and the FRCVv2 database) demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method in both laboratory and unconstrained environments. In order to achieve enhanced robustness, a two-source photometric stereo method has been introduced to recover surface normals such that more invariant 3D facia features become available that can further boost classification accuracy and robustness. A 2D+3D imaging system has been designed for construction of a self-collected dataset including 2D and 3D facial data. Experiments show that utilisation of 3D facial features can increase gender classification rate by up to 6% (based on the self-collected dataset), and can increase age classification rate by up to 12% (based on the Photoface database). Finally, two case study HCI systems, a gaze gesture based map browser and a directed advertising billboard, have been designed by adopting all the proposed algorithms as well as the fully compatible imaging system. Benefits from the proposed algorithms naturally ensure that the case study systems can possess high robustness to head pose variation and illumination variation; and can achieve excellent real-time performance. Overall, the proposed HCI strategy enabled by reliably recognised facial cues can serve to spawn a wide array of innovative systems and to bring HCI to a more natural and intelligent state

    Human-Centric Machine Vision

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    Recently, the algorithms for the processing of the visual information have greatly evolved, providing efficient and effective solutions to cope with the variability and the complexity of real-world environments. These achievements yield to the development of Machine Vision systems that overcome the typical industrial applications, where the environments are controlled and the tasks are very specific, towards the use of innovative solutions to face with everyday needs of people. The Human-Centric Machine Vision can help to solve the problems raised by the needs of our society, e.g. security and safety, health care, medical imaging, and human machine interface. In such applications it is necessary to handle changing, unpredictable and complex situations, and to take care of the presence of humans
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