WRITING DAILY STATUS ON SOCIAL MEDIA: CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING PHENOMENA: A LITERATURE REVIEW

This study aimed to analyze the use of code-mixing and code-switching, specifically found in social media, such as Instagram Tik Tok and Facebook daily status. The design of this research review is a descriptive qualitative study since it focused on the phenomenon of code-mixing and code-switching. Related to that, in this study, the researcher focused on articles code-mixing and code-switching use. Moreover, the data were collected by examining several articles. The study result shows that the reasons for using code-mixing and code-switching are discussed in a particular topic, where all of the selected subjects picked that reason. However, the researcher found three additional reasons out that: Some of the influencers have different reasons why use code-mixing or code-switching, such as changing topic, lack of vocabulary, practice, English mastery, bilingual/multilingual, and trend.This study aimed to analyze the use of code-mixing and code-switching, specifically found in social media, such as Instagram Tik Tok and Facebook daily status. The design of this research review is a descriptive qualitative study since it focused on the phenomenon of code-mixing and code-switching. Related to that, in this study, the researcher focused on articles code-mixing and code-switching use. Moreover, the data were collected by examining several articles. The study result shows that the reasons for using code-mixing and code-switching are discussed in a particular topic, where all of the selected subjects picked that reason. However, the researcher found three additional reasons out that: Some of the influencers have different reasons why use code-mixing or code-switching, such as changing topic, lack of vocabulary, practice, English mastery, bilingual/multilingual, and trend

Code-Switching By Multilingual Pakistanis On Twitter: A Qualitative Analysis

Code-switching is practicing two different grammatical systems where multilinguals also move between two languages or between two dialects or registers of the same language. In the current article, code-switching is characterized as the simultaneous use of two or more languages or dialects within a conversation. The current study focused on code-switching practices on the social media website Twitter. While posting on Twitter, multilinguals may use several languages. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze code-switched Tweets for any recurring patterns and practices. The population of this study involved Twitter users living in the Rawalpindi-Islamabad area of Pakistan. The Tweets were collected on the basis of time and location through random cluster sampling method. Qualitative analysis of the individual Tweets was done, and recurring patterns were pointed out. This was purely observational research. It was found that the sampled Tweets only codeswitched between Urdu and English. Code-switching at the intra-sentential level was more common than the inter-sentential level. Code-switching at the level of clauses was the most common form of intra-sentential code-switching. Over half of the inter-sentential codeswitching had the English sentence(s) preceding the Urdu sentence(s). The findings suggest that code-switching between English and Urdu occurs more commonly at the intra-sentential level. They further imply that the population generally prefers to start inter-sentential codeswitching with English before code-switching to Urdu. The results of this study may be useful in demystifying the phenomenon of code-switching in online spaces

Language, Deals and Standards: The Future of XML Contracts

eXtensible Markup Language (XML) structures information in documentary systems ranging from financial reports to medical records and business contracts. XML standards for specific applications are developed spontaneously by self-appointed technologists or entrepreneurs. XML’s social and economic stakes are considerable, especially when developed for the private law of contracts. XML can reduce transaction costs but also limit the range of contractual expression and redefine the nature of law practice. So reliance on spontaneous development may be sub-optimal and identification of a more formal public standard setting model necessary. To exploit XML’s advantages while minimizing risks, this Article envisions creating a publicly-oriented foundation to set XML-based standards for the private law of corporate contracts. The Article’s specific inquiry concerning corporate contracts illuminates XML’s broader implications, making the standard-setting model it contributes adaptable to other contexts

Tracing new ground, from language to languaging, and from languaging to assemblages: rethinking languaging through the multilingual and ontological turns

This paper traces recent theorisation stemming from the multilingual turn and brings this into dialogue with assemblage thinking, discussing the critical potential of bringing these perspectives together to explore what language is and how it is understood. The argument maps salient features of the multilingual turn which have extended the fields of applied and socio-linguistics beyond a preoccupation with separable languages embedded within a code-based depiction of linguistic behaviour. Within this body of research, we highlight the influential theoretical frames of (trans)languaging and metrolingualism, which position language as a dynamic process – and practice – rather than a product. We then begin to think through language/languaging as assemblage, a process which heralds an ontological shift. In so doing, we consider the ontological turn within and beyond linguistics to extend the potential of critical language studies, breaking with hegemonic language ideology via a radical reconsideration of the temporality, complexity and materiality of language

The Transformative Potential of Attorney Bilingualism

In contemporary U.S. law practice, attorney bilingualism is increasingly valued, primarily because it allows lawyers to work more efficiently and to pursue a broader range of professional opportunities. This purely functionalist conceptualization of attorney bilingualism, however, ignores the surprising ways in which multilingualism can enhance a lawyer’s professional work and can strengthen and reshape relationships among actors in the U.S. legal milieu. Drawing upon research from psychology, linguistics, and other disciplines, this Article advances a theory of the transformative potential of attorney bilingualism. Looking first to the development of lawyers themselves, the Article posits that attorneys who operate bilingually may, over time, enjoy cognitive advantages such as enhanced creative thinking and problem-solving abilities, a more analytical orientation to language, and greater communicative sensitivity. Moreover, the existence of lawyers who are fully immersed in the bilingual practice of law will transform and invigorate interactions between attorneys and limited English proficient (LEP) clients and, more broadly, among attorneys, the parties to a proceeding, and legal decision makers. Although many U.S. lawyers possess non-English language ability, few are equipped with the complement of knowledge, skills, and values needed to utilize that language ability effectively in a professional setting. Therefore, the Article also calls upon the legal profession to adopt a more rigorous approach to bilingual training and instruction and outlines a set of competencies that underlie effective bilingual lawyering. These competencies relate broadly to cross-cultural interactions, knowledge of foreign legal systems, specialized and versatile language ability, and verbal and nonverbal communication skills

The Transformative Potential of Attorney Bilingualism

In contemporary U.S. law practice, attorney bilingualism is increasingly valued, primarily because it allows lawyers to work more efficiently and to pursue a broader range of professional opportunities. This purely functionalist conceptualization of attorney bilingualism, however, ignores the surprising ways in which multilingualism can enhance a lawyer\u27s professional work and can strengthen and reshape relationships among actors in the U.S. legal milieu. Drawing upon research from psychology, linguistics, and other disciplines, this Article advances a theory of the transformative potential of attorney bilingualism. Looking first to the development of lawyers themselves, the Article posits that attorneys who operate bilingually may, over time, enjoy cognitive advantages such as enhanced creative thinking and problem-solving abilities, a more analytical orientation to language, and greater communicative sensitivity. Moreover, the existence of lawyers who are fully immersed in the bilingual practice of law will transform and invigorate interactions between attorneys and limited English proficient (LEP) clients and, more broadly, among attorneys, the parties to a proceeding, and legal decision makers. Although many U.S. lawyers possess non-English language ability, few are equipped with the complement of knowledge, skills, and values needed to utilize that language ability effectively in a professional setting. Therefore, the Article also calls upon the legal profession to adopt a more rigorous approach to bilingual training and instruction and outlines a set of competencies that underlie effective bilingual lawyering. These competencies relate broadly to cross-cultural interactions, knowledge of foreign legal systems, specialized and versatile language ability, and verbal and nonverbal communication skills