Energy-effective electrotechnical systems of operation and control for multiple fluorescent lamps

Обгрунтовано метод побудови енергоефективних ресурсоекономних електротехнічних систем високочастотного живлення та керування для багатолампових люмінесцентних світильників. Метод базується на поєднанні дискретного регулювання потужності шляхом комутації окремих ламп та наступного неперервного регулювання потужності на міжкомутаційних інтервалах потужності. За рахунок нової структури системи зекономлено N силових ключів та їх драйверів, де N – кількість ламп світильника.The method of design of energy- and resourse-efficient electrical systems for high-frequency operation of multiple fluorescent lamps lighting installations with their continous-discrete power control is presented in this paper. The method is based on a combination of discrete power control by changing the amount of on-off lamps and further continuous power control on the intercommutation intervals. If the installation running power can be provided by the number of lamps which is smaller than N (N is a lamp number in the installation), the redundant lamps are switched off. Thus the unproductive power consumption for redundant lamps electrode heating is eliminated and the system efficiency is increased. The total power control range is divided into N power intervals. Within each interval the power control is continuous, and the intervals change is discrete by the way of fluorescent lamps tuning on-off. The extention of the first ( lowest) interval, which is enabled only for one lamp, is equal to a half of effective power of fluorescent lamp, which is indicated as the nominal lamp power minus power heating of its electrodes. The remaining (N-1) intervals, which is enabled for more than one lamp, have the same extentions, which are equal to the effective power of one lamp. The control range of each lamp, regardless of the number of lamps in installation, is equal to a half of lamp effective power, which ensures the high quality control. Hysteresis is introduced to ensure the lamps accurate tuning on-off in commutation regions. The analytical expressions for lighting installation power and its efficiency as a functions of running power and number of turn-on lamps are established. Comparison of continous and continous-discrete power control testifies the increasing of system efficiency up to 1,8 times in the case of use of proposed continous-discrete control in 4-lamps installation. To achieve high quality of electric energy and system component reduction the single-stage approach to the system structure design is implemented by combining the stage of power factor corrector and the N stages of high-frequency half-bridge resonance inverters. One inverter is a master inverter and others are slave inverters (semiinverters). Each semiinverter has only one own active switch and utilizes the active switch which is common to all semiinverters and master inverter. Thus N active power switches and their drivers are saved due to such system structure

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference EEDAL 2013 Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting

This book contains the papers presented at the seventh international conference on Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting. EEDAL'2013 was organised in Coimbra, Portugal in September 2013. This major international conference, which was previously been staged in Florence 1997, Naples 2000, Turin 2003, London 2006, B2e0r0l9in, Copenhagen 2011 has been very successful in attracting an international community of stakeholders dealing with residential appliances, equipment, metering liagnhdti ng (including manufacturers, retailers, consumers, governments, international organisations aangde ncies, academia and experts) to discuss the progress achieved in technologies, behavioural aspects and poliacineds , the strategies that need to be implemented to further progress this important work. Potential readers who may benefit from this book include researchers, engineers, policymakers, and all those who can influence the design, selection, application, and operation of electrical appliances and lighting.JRC.F.7-Renewables and Energy Efficienc

Handbook of plant and soil analysis for agricultural systems

[SPA] Este libro recopila diferentes protocolos para el análisis de plantas y suelos para sistemas agrícolas. Nuestro objetivo es proporcionar un conjunto completo de indicadores para evaluar la productividad de los cultivos, la calidad de los cultivos, la calidad del suelo y la fertilidad del suelo con procedimientos y métodos viables y sólidos. La evaluación de la sostenibilidad de los agroecosistemas requiere la selección de indicadores adecuados y su medida. El presente manual ha compilado diferentes indicadores para evaluar el crecimiento de los cultivos, la incidencia de plagas y enfermedades, el rendimiento de la granja, la calidad de los cultivos y las características nutricionales, los análisis físicos del suelo, los análisis químicos del suelo y los análisis biológicos del suelo. El libro está organizado en tres partes: i) análisis de plantas y cultivos, ii) análisis físico-químicos del suelo y iii) análisis biológicos del suelo. En total, proporcionamos 90 procedimientos para el análisis de plantas y suelos, incluida la importancia y las aplicaciones, el principio del método descrito, los reactivos necesarios, los materiales y equipos, la descripción detallada del procedimiento, los cálculos necesarios y algunas observaciones específicas.[ENG] This books compiles different protocols for analysis of plant and soil for agricultural systems. We aim to provide a complete set of indicators to assess crop productivity, crop quality, soil quality and soil fertility with feasible and robust procedures and methods. The assessment of the sustainability of agroecosystems needs the selection of suitable indicators and their measure. The present handbook has compiled different indicators to assess crop growth, incidence of pests and diseases, farm yield, crop quality and nutritional characteristics, soil physical analyses, soil chemical analyses and soil biological analyses. The book is organized in three parts: i) plant and crop analyses, ii) soil physicochemical analyses and iii) soil biological analyses. In total we provide 90 procedures for plant and soil analysis, including the importance and applications, the principle of the method described, the reagents needed, the materials and equipment, the detailed description of the procedure, the calculations required and some specific remarks.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 72800

Training Manual In the frame work of the project: DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals 2015-18

This is a limited edition of the CMFRI Training Manual provided to participants of the “DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals” organized by the Marine Biotechnology Division of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), from 2nd February 2015 - 31st March 2018

Library buildings around the world

"Library Buildings around the World" is a survey based on researches of several years. The objective was to gather library buildings on an international level starting with 1990

Natural Additives in Food

In the search for a healthier diet and facing the uncertainties about the consumption of artificial additives, the scientific community has explored in the last years the potential of natural compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, essential oils, tocopherols, vitamins, polysaccharides, among others, obtained from the most diverse sources, such as plants and fungi, for the replacement of the artificial additives in food, which has made these compounds recognized as “natural additives”. In addition to being considered less harmful to health, and giving a certain functional property to a foodstuff, natural additives can also provide a beneficial synergistic effect in the food matrix. For the consumers, diverse studies have been showed that regular ingestion of bioactive compounds, that can be applied as natural additives, can be helpful for the prevention/treatment of several chronic and aging illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. However, there is much to be researched on the viable use of bioactive compounds and to overcome their chemical limitations so that it can actually be used as natural additives in foods. This book addresses, through 18 scientific articles, some natural compounds with potential for use as preservatives, nutritional additives, coloring agents, flavorings, and various agents