324 research outputs found

    A Comparison Between STRAIGHT, Glottal, an Sinusoidal Vocoding in Statistical Parametric Speech Synthesis

    Get PDF
    Speech is a fundamental method of human communication that allows conveying information between people. Even though the linguistic content is commonly regarded as the main information in speech, the signal contains a richness of other information, such as prosodic cues that shape the intended meaning of a sentence. This information is largely generated by quasi-periodic glottal excitation, which is the acoustic speech excitation airflow originating from the lungs that makes the vocal folds oscillate in the production of voiced speech. By regulating the sub-glottal pressure and the tension of the vocal folds, humans learn to affect the characteristics of the glottal excitation in order to signal the emotional state of the speaker for example. Glottal inverse filtering (GIF) is an estimation method for the glottal excitation of a recorded speech signal. Various cues about the speech signal, such as the mode of phonation, can be detected and analyzed from an estimate of the glottal flow, both instantaneously and as a function of time. Aside from its use in fundamental speech research, such as phonetics, the recent advances in GIF and machine learning enable a wider variety of GIF applications, such as emotional speech synthesis and the detection of paralinguistic information. However, GIF is a difficult inverse problem where the target algorithm output is generally unattainable with direct measurements. Thus the algorithms and their evaluation need to rely on some prior assumptions about the properties of the speech signal. A common thread utilized in most of the studies in this thesis is the estimation of the vocal tract transfer function (the key problem in GIF) by temporally weighting the optimization criterion in GIF so that the effect of the main excitation peak is attenuated. This thesis studies GIF from various perspectives---including the development of two new GIF methods that improve GIF performance over the state-of-the-art methods---and furthers basic research in the automated estimation of glottal excitation. The estimation of the GIF-based vocal tract transfer function for formant tracking and perceptually weighted speech envelope estimation is also studied. The central speech technology application of GIF addressed in the thesis is the use of GIF-based spectral envelope models and glottal excitation waveforms as target training data for the generative neural network models used in statistical parametric speech synthesis. The obtained results show that even though the presented studies provide improvements to the previous methodology for all voice types, GIF-based speech processing continues to mainly benefit male voices in speech synthesis applications.Puhe on olennainen osa ihmistenvÀlistÀ informaation siirtoa. Vaikka kielellistÀ sisÀltöÀ pidetÀÀn yleisesti puheen tÀrkeimpÀnÀ ominaisuutena, puhesignaali sisÀltÀÀ myös runsaasti muuta informaatiota kuten prosodisia vihjeitÀ, jotka muokkaavat siirrettÀvÀn informaation merkitystÀ. TÀmÀ informaatio tuotetaan suurilta osin nÀennÀisjaksollisella glottisherÀtteellÀ, joka on puheen herÀtteenÀ toimiva akustinen virtaussignaali. SÀÀtÀmÀllÀ ÀÀnihuulten alapuolista painetta ja ÀÀnihuulten kireyttÀ ihmiset muuttavat glottisherÀtteen ominaisuuksia viestittÀÀkseen esimerkiksi tunnetilaa. Glottaalinen kÀÀnteissuodatus (GKS) on laskennallinen menetelmÀ glottisherÀtteen estimointiin nauhoitetusta puhesignaalista. GlottisherÀtteen perusteella puheen laadusta voidaan tunnistaa useita piirteitÀ kuten ÀÀntötapa, sekÀ hetkellisesti ettÀ ajan funktiona. Puheen perustutkimuksen, kuten fonetiikan, lisÀksi viimeaikaiset edistykset GKS:ssÀ ja koneoppimisessa ovat avaamassa mahdollisuuksia laajempaan GKS:n soveltamiseen puheteknologiassa, kuten puhesynteesissÀ ja puheen biopiirteistÀmisessÀ paralingvistisiÀ sovelluksia varten. Haasteena on kuitenkin se, ettÀ GKS on vaikea kÀÀnteisongelma, jossa todellista puhetta vastaavan glottisherÀtteen suora mittaus on mahdotonta. TÀstÀ johtuen GKS:ssÀ kÀytettÀvien algoritmien kehitystyö ja arviointi perustuu etukÀteisoletuksiin puhesignaalin ominaisuuksista. TÀssÀ vÀitöskirjassa esitetyissÀ menetelmissÀ on yhteisenÀ oletuksena se, ettÀ ÀÀntövÀylÀn siirtofunktio voidaan arvioida (joka on GKS:n pÀÀongelma) aikapainottamalla GKS:n optimointikriteeriÀ niin, ettÀ glottisherÀtteen pÀÀeksitaatiopiikkin vaikutus vaimenee. TÀssÀ vÀitöskirjassa GKS:ta tutkitaan useasta eri nÀkökulmasta, jotka sisÀltÀvÀt kaksi uutta GKS-menetelmÀÀ, jotka parantavat arviointituloksia aikaisempiin menetelmiin verrattuna, sekÀ perustutkimusta kÀÀnteissuodatusprosessin automatisointiin liittyen. LisÀksi GKS-pohjaista ÀÀntövÀylÀn siirtofunktiota kÀytetÀÀn formanttiestimoinnissa sekÀ kuulohavaintopainotettuna versiona puheen spektrin verhokÀyrÀn arvioinnissa. TÀmÀn vÀitöskirjan keskeisin puheteknologiasovellus on GKS-pohjaisten puheen spektrin verhokÀyrÀmallien sekÀ glottisherÀteaaltomuotojen kÀyttö kohdedatana neuroverkkomalleille tilastollisessa parametrisessa puhesynteesissÀ. Saatujen tulosten perusteella kehitetyt menetelmÀt parantavat GKS-pohjaisten menetelmien laatua kaikilla ÀÀnityypeillÀ, mutta puhesynteesisovelluksissa GKS-pohjaiset ratkaisut hyödyttÀvÀt edelleen lÀhinnÀ matalia miesÀÀniÀ

    Methods for speaking style conversion from normal speech to high vocal effort speech

    Get PDF
    This thesis deals with vocal-effort-focused speaking style conversion (SSC). Specifically, we studied two topics on conversion of normal speech to high vocal effort. The first topic involves the conversion of normal speech to shouted speech. We employed this conversion in a speaker recognition system with vocal effort mismatch between test and enrollment utterances (shouted speech vs. normal speech). The mismatch causes a degradation of the system's speaker identification performance. As solution, we proposed a SSC system that included a novel spectral mapping, used along a statistical mapping technique, to transform the mel-frequency spectral energies of normal speech enrollment utterances towards their counterparts in shouted speech. We evaluated the proposed solution by comparing speaker identification rates for a state-of-the-art i-vector-based speaker recognition system, with and without applying SSC to the enrollment utterances. Our results showed that applying the proposed SSC pre-processing to the enrollment data improves considerably the speaker identification rates. The second topic involves a normal-to-Lombard speech conversion. We proposed a vocoder-based parametric SSC system to perform the conversion. This system first extracts speech features using the vocoder. Next, a mapping technique, robust to data scarcity, maps the features. Finally, the vocoder synthesizes the mapped features into speech. We used two vocoders in the conversion system, for comparison: a glottal vocoder and the widely used STRAIGHT. We assessed the converted speech from the two vocoder cases with two subjective listening tests that measured similarity to Lombard speech and naturalness. The similarity subjective test showed that, for both vocoder cases, our proposed SSC system was able to convert normal speech to Lombard speech. The naturalness subjective test showed that the converted samples using the glottal vocoder were clearly more natural than those obtained with STRAIGHT

    Glottal Spectral Separation for Speech Synthesis

    Get PDF
    • 

    corecore