2,834 research outputs found

    The Economic Cost of Suicide to Society - An Estimation of the Net Economic Cost of all Completed Suicides in Sweden in 2015

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    The aim of this study is to estimate the net economic cost of all suicides that occurred in Sweden in 2015. The purpose is to provide a more thorough assessment of this cost compared to previous research. Based on the theoretical and methodological framework of so called Cost of Illness (COI) studies, previous research, as well as original solutions, this study estimates direct costs, indirect costs and potential savings from suicide. Summing the costs and subtracting the savings yields an estimated net economic cost of 2,90 – 3,17 billion SEK in total and an average of 2,46 – 2,69 million SEK per suicide. In addition, what are considered intangible costs of suicide in terms of life and health are analyzed in a theoretical, interdisciplinary framework, offering a brief exploration into a discussion that can and ought to be elaborated on extensively

    Michigan\u27s Revised Mental Health Code

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    This note will evaluate the three chapters of the Michigan Code which present the most significant legislative attempts to safeguard the rights of the mentally ill. Chapter Four of the Code extends several traditional due process guarantees to the civil commitment process. By guaranteeing the right to adequate notice, the right to be present at the hearing, the right to be represented by counsel, and the right to notice of trial by jury, the Code offers better protection from unwarranted commitment. However, due to the difficulty of defining mental illness and accurately identifying those in need of treatment, the possibility of improper commitment still exists. Chapter Seven protects the rights of residents of mental health facilities by ensuring that each resident receives treatment suited to his condition, and by restricting the use of psychosurgery, electroshock therapy, restraint, and seclusion. While these statutes are often vague and permit the hospital to exercise its discretion, the administrative rules of the Department of Mental Health augment the Code, and often provide the necessary substance to a broadly worded statute. Chapter Ten of the Code governs the disposition of persons found incompetent to stand trial or acquitted by reason of insanity, and protects them from indeterminate commitments by requiring the state either to commit them pursuant to the civil commitment process or to release them from custody. It is these criminal provisions of the Code which have been most criticized by those who fear that the extension of due process and equal protection safeguards to criminals has resulted in inadequate protection of the rights of society

    Medical Malpractice Update

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    Meeting proceedings of a seminar by the same name, held February 24, 202

    Complexity and coherence

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    Leslie Topp traces the emergence of the asylum mortuary as an architectural challenge. Drawing on new archival research, Complexity and Coherence: The Challenge of the Asylum Mortuary in Central Europe, 1898–1908 unpacks the highly fraught combination of scientific practices, death rituals, and psychiatric strategies that made up the mortuary's program. Topp analyzes three mortuary buildings in new psychiatric institutions at Vienna, Mauer-Öhling (Lower Austria), and Kroměříž (Moravia). Far from conforming to an established type, each building represents a radically different approach to the challenge of rendering the program's abrupt juxtapositions meaningful and coherent. In each case the building is conceived within the force field of Wagner School modernism, but the contrasting built results show the diversity of that modernism pushed to its limits by the complexity of the program's requirements and associations

    Increasing emergency number utilisation is not driven by low-acuity calls: an observational study of 1.5 million emergency calls (2018 – 2021) from Berlin

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    Background: The Emergency Medical Service (EMS) in Germany is increasingly challenged by strongly rising demand. Speculations about a greater utilisation for minor cases have led to intensive media coverage, but empirical evidence is lacking. We investigated the development of low-acuity calls from 2018 to 2021 in the federal state of Berlin and its correlations with sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: We analysed over 1.5 million call documentations including medical dispatch codes, age, location and time using descriptive and inferential statistics and multivariate binary logistic regression. We defined a code list to classify low-acuity calls and merged the dataset with sociodemographic indicators and data on population density. Results: The number of emergency calls (phone number 112 in Germany) increased by 9.1% from 2018 to 2021; however, the proportion of low-acuity calls did not increase. The regression model shows higher odds of low-acuity for young to medium age groups (especially for age 0–9, OR 1.50 [95% CI 1.45–1.55]; age 10–19, OR 1.77 [95% CI 1.71–1.83]; age 20–29, OR 1.64 [95% CI 1.59–1.68] and age 30–39, OR 1.40 [95% CI 1.37–1.44]; p < 0.001, reference group 80–89) and for females (OR 1.12 [95% CI 1.1–1.13], p < 0.001). Odds were slightly higher for calls from a neighbourhood with lower social status (OR 1.01 per index unit increase [95% CI 1.0–1.01], p < 0.05) and at the weekend (OR 1.02 [95% CI 1.0–1.04, p < 0.05]). No significant association of the call volume with population density was detected. Conclusions: This analysis provides valuable new insights into pre-hospital emergency care. Low-acuity calls were not the primary driver of increased EMS utilisation in Berlin. Younger age is the strongest predictor for low-acuity calls in the model. The association with female gender is significant, while socially deprived neighbourhoods play a minor role. No statistically significant differences in call volume between densely and less densely populated regions were detected. The results can inform the EMS in future resource planning

    Child Protection Legal Process: Comparing the United States and Great Britain

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    The legal response to child maltreatment-or the risk of child maltreatment-varies greatly from society to society and has been little studied, in part because of the idiosyncrasies of community values, social organization, history and legal traditions.2 Cross-country comparison of child abuse and neglect is especially difficult because the ambiguity of social standards and the imprecision of terms used makes it difficult to define the specific behavior one is studying. Even though child maltreatment is widely prohibited, the definition of what actually constitutes child abuse and neglect is not clear within a particular country, much less uniform from one society to another.3 This article tries to avoid some of the difficulties of cross-country comparisons by examining the child protection legal process of jurisdictions that share relatively similar social values and a common language-the United States, England and Wales, and Scotland
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