How to Measure Quality Models? Digitization into Informative Models Re-use

3D models from passive muted subjects, often used in the books and in preservation design reports as powerful images dense of contents, have nowadays the opportunity to become ’live gears’ leveraging knowledge, interpretation, and management into preservation objectives till to better-informed fruition. To this aim, we need to build up reliable and re-usable 3D Quality models. How to shift from a 3D model toward a 3D quality model? This contribution intends to focus on the parameters defining a 3D Quality model catching the heritage complexity with its components in a holistic methodological and practical vision. A radar chart has been used to manage all the parameters. First of all, Geometry describes a quality model: parameters for data acquisition, on-site surveying, and model processing to obtain 2D-3D Geometry quality are defined. The concept of scale associated with measurable parameters defining the Grade of Accuracy is proposed and applied to the surveying and to the 3D models. 3D models can be considered tools to decode the complexity of cultural heritage made by the different transformations across the centuries, anthropicnatural hazards, climate change threats and events (such as earthquakes, fires, wars). Thus, Geometry is not enough to describe such complexity; it represents the first step. Materials and Construction technologies analysis is the second pillar qualifying a quality model. The connection with the indirect data source (i.e., historical reports and archives documents), is the third pillar to be reconnected to the Geometry and Material analysis in the quality definition. HBIM represents a multidisciplinary environment to convey the information related to geometry and models. Furtherly, several parameters are identified to describe the quality of informative models, as in the case ofObject Libraries and Building archeology progressively feeding such models. BIM Level of Developments (phases) and Level of Geometry (contents, not scale!) have been adapted to the HBIM, introducing digitization, surveying, andHBIM modeling into the preservation process. Finally, a quality model is defined by the capability to be re-used circulating Information andModels among the end-users as in the case of informed VR/AR through CDE and XR platforms

HBIM for conservation: A new proposal for information modeling

Thanks to its capability of archiving and organizing all the information about a building, HBIM (Historical Building Information Modeling) is considered a promising resource for planned conservation of historical assets. However, its usage remains limited and scarcely adopted by the subjects in charge of conservation, mainly because of its rather complex 3D modeling requirements and a lack of shared regulatory references and guidelines as far as semantic data are concerned. In this study, we developed an HBIM methodology to support documentation, management, and planned conservation of historic buildings, with particular focus on non-geometric information: organized and coordinated storage and management of historical data, easy analysis and query, time management, flexibility, user-friendliness, and information sharing. The system is based on a standalone specific-designed database linked to the 3D model of the asset, built with BIM software, and it is highly adaptable to different assets. The database is accessible both with a developed desktop application, which acts as a plug-in for the BIM software, and through a web interface, implemented to ensure data sharing and easy usability by skilled and unskilled users. The paper describes in detail the implemented system, passing by semantic breaking down of the building, database design, as well as system architecture and capabilities. Two case studies, the Cathedral of Parma and Ducal Palace of Mantua (Italy), are then presented to show the results of the system's application

Advanced 3D modeling versus Building Information Modeling: the case study of Palazzo Ettoreo in Sacile (Italy)

This paper presents an experience of 3D modeling starting from laser scanning data and following two alternative approaches: the first one, called \u201cAdvanced 3D modeling\u201d, based on an original meshing algorithm, while the second make use of Revit BIM software. The case study in Palace Ettoreo in Sacile (Pordenone, Italy), constructed in Renaissance Venetian style in the 16th century: it has a trapezoid plan and is developed on three floors, with the ground one endowing a portico on two fa\ue7ades. The palace has been surveyed by two terrestrial laser scanners: a Riegl Z420i for 5 external scans and a FARO Photon 120 for 53 internal scans; also a topographic surveying of 270 targets have been carried out. The final TLS cloud has 1,4 billions of points. The Advanced 3D modeling has produced a \u201csmart\u201d mesh, allowing also to model the elements with deformations (out of plumb, bulges and troughs). Moreover, this model drastically reduce the stored data: the whole palace is modeled by 111.496 polygons only. The modeling with Revit follows the classical flowchart where the principal architectonical elements are gradually composed: this HBIM process has required a strong manual work in exploiting the available parametric objects and/or in the definition of new objects. Comparing the two models with respect the points cloud, both have evidenced advantages and limitations: therefore, the best solution is a process involving their combination. At the beginning, the Advanced 3D modeling is performed onto the points cloud, so well exploiting the segmentation tools and the smart meshing of the surfaces preserving any geometrical irregularity. Such obtained model allows metrical and morphological evaluation on the various structural and architectonical elements. Afterwards, this very light model becomes the entry data for the modeling in BIM environment, where also the shape of irregular elements are so imported

From survey to semantic representation for Cultural Heritage: the 3D modeling of recurring architectural elements

The digitization of Cultural Heritage paves the way for new approaches to surveying and restitution of historical sites. With a view to the management of integrated programs of documentation and conservation, the research is now focusing on the creation of information systems where to link the digital representation of a building to semantic knowledge. With reference to the emblematic case study of the Calci Charterhouse, also known as Pisa Charterhouse, this contribution illustrates an approach to be followed in the transition from 3D survey information, derived from laser scanner and photogrammetric techniques, to the creation of semantically enriched 3D models. The proposed approach is based on the recognition -segmentation and classification- of elements on the original raw point cloud, and on the manual mapping of NURBS elements on it. For this shape recognition process, reference to architectural treatises and vocabularies of classical architecture is a key step. The created building components are finally imported in a H-BIM environment, where they are enriched with semantic information related to historical knowledge, documentary sources and restoration activities

UAV photogrammetric survey and image-Based elaborations for an Industrial Plant.

The proposed application of the HBIM methodology for digitising a productive-industrial structure is based on the integration of data from different sources. An aerial photogrammetric survey (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - UAV) was considered the most appropriate technique for the case. Therefore, a Scan-to-BIM modelling was carried out, keeping in mind a subsequent texturisation of the smart objects employing the photogrammetric images obtained from the UAV survey. Currently, applying the BIM methodology to the built environment is still a challenge; indeed, three-dimensional modelling based on survey point clouds is not automatic. Any BIM software is designed for new constructions, whereas the existing Heritage is characterised by unique and distinctive shapes, where each element has a specific and variable inclination, shape and thickness; therefore, it is necessary to adapt the available tools. Creating intelligent parametric objects capable of representing the unique and singular shapes and geometries of historic architecture is a significant challenge of HBIM modelling. A workflow for the acquisition, processing and management of the survey data and the consequent modelling in a BIM environment of a disused industrial plant previously used as a tobacco factory was formalised. The aim was, therefore, to develop a model that is as close as possible to the real one and, at the same time, still keeps the informative aspects in order to promote the conservation and possible refurbishment of the cultural heritage through the use of photorealistic visualisation tools in real-time. The results confirm the proposed strategy hypotheses and seem to lead to promising future developments

The evolution of ontology in AEC: A two-decade synthesis, application domains, and future directions

Ontologies play a pivotal role in knowledge representation, particularly beneficial for the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector due to its inherent data diversity and intricacy. Despite the growing interest in ontology and data integration research, especially with the advent of knowledge graphs and digital twins, a noticeable lack of consolidated academic synthesis still needs to be addressed. This review paper aims to bridge that gap, meticulously analysing 142 journal articles from 2000 to 2021 on the application of ontologies in the AEC sector. The research is segmented through systematic evaluation into ten application domains within the construction realm- process, cost, operation/maintenance, health/safety, sustainability, monitoring/control, intelligent cities, heritage building information modelling (HBIM), compliance, and miscellaneous. This categorisation aids in pinpointing ontologies suitable for various research objectives. Furthermore, the paper highlights prevalent limitations within current ontology studies in the AEC sector. It offers strategic recommendations, presenting a well-defined path for future research to address these gaps

FROM 3D SURVEYING DATA TO BIM TO BEM: THE INCUBE DATASET

In recent years, the improvement of sensors and methodologies for 3D reality-based surveying has exponentially enhanced the possibility of creating digital replicas of the real world. LiDAR technologies and photogrammetry are currently standard approaches for collecting 3D geometric information of indoor and outdoor environments at different scales. This information can potentially be part of a broader processing workflow that, starting from 3D surveyed data and through Building Information Models (BIM) generation, leads to more complex analyses of buildings’ features and behavior (Figure 1). However, creating BIM models, especially of historic and heritage assets (HBIM), is still resource-intensive and time-consuming due to the manual efforts required for data creation and enrichment. Improve 3D data processing, interoperability, and the automation of the BIM generation process are some of the trending research topics, and benchmark datasets are extremely helpful in evaluating newly developed algorithms and methodologies for these scopes. This paper introduces the InCUBE dataset, resulting from the activities of the recently funded EU InCUBE project, focused on unlocking the EU building renovation through integrated strategies and processes for efficient built-environment management (including the use of innovative renewable energy technologies and digitalization). The set of data collects raw and processed data produced for the Italian demo site in the Santa Chiara district of Trento (Italy). The diversity of the shared data enables multiple possible uses, investigations and developments, and some of them are presented in this contribution

HBIM parametric modelling from clouds to perform structural analyses based on finite elements: a case study on a parabolic concrete vault

3noThe paper investigates the issue of finite element model development for the structural assessment of existing structures on the basis of detailed (terrestrial laser scanning and image-based) point clouds to parametric models generated using HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modelling) technology. Different procedures and software combinations are investigated in order to provide useful hints trying to solve some of the criticalities which are still unsolved albeit the subject has been under investigation since some years now. It is worth noting that, when assets belonging to the cultural heritage domain (CH) are considered, the difficulties increase because of the peculiarity of the structural behaviour and often the singularity of the geometrical shape. The proposed methodology is presented considering the case of the “Paraboloide” of Casale (Italy), a construction from the early reinforced concrete age, which is now a relevant example of Italian concrete industrial heritage mainly due to the thin parabolic vault and the construction methodology that was so innovative for its time.openopenAbbate E.; Invernizzi S.; Spanò AntoniaAbbate, E.; Invernizzi, S.; Spanò, Antoni

Documenting Complexity for the 20TH Century Heritage: the Enriched 3d Models of the Turin Exposition Nervi's Halls Digitization

Abstract. Great attention is increasingly paid to the heritage belonging to the XX century, particularly for the spatial structures made of concrete, that are a significant trait of this modern movement architecture. Since they demand today urgent conservation plans sustaining their deterioration, the multidisciplinary researches should devotes a profound investigations for tailored approaches providing a clear indication of best practices and recommendation for correct 3D documentation, information management and structural assessment and monitoring. In this framework, the Geomatics approaches are advancing the interests toward the multi-scale and multi-sensor digitization and for supporting management of complex information in enriched 3D models. The iconic halls B and C in Torino Esposizioni (Italy), designed by Pier Luigi Nervi, is the case study presented. It was recently awarded by the Getty Keeping it Modern grant. The multi-disciplinary research conducted, still in progress, focuses a particularly into the investigation of the structural analysis and consistency of ferrocement elements of the vaulted system finalized to the structural condition assessment. Here the role of multi-scale and multi-sensor 3D models is investigated, such as the development of a digital twin of the halls as a starting point to create an enriched informative system. The reconstruction of this model particularly considering the large extension and the complexity of the spaces, is addressed to works as a collector of 3D multi-sensor data and information related to the diagnostic investigation on structural health monitoring for the durability of ferrocement elements