Fitting System Design to Work Practice:Using Observation in Evaluating A Clinical Imaging System

Designing information systems to fit work patterns is becoming a recognized design principle (Greenbaum and Kyng, 1991). Studies of individuals doing their regular work in their usual settings is a growing area of research, for example, for understanding computer system design processes (Curtis, Krasner, and Iscoe, 1988; Davies and Nielsen, 1992; Forsythe, 1992, 1993, 1994; Orlikowski, 1989; Rosson, Maass, and Kellogg, 1988; Shneiderman and Carroll, 1988; Soloway et al., 1988; Suchman, 1987). In medicine, system developers and evaluators have been investigating the interpretive nature and complexity of routine work practice. New design methodologies are based on the assumption that system design must be based on actual work routines rather than on abstract models of information processing or formal models of reasoning (Nyce and Timpka, 1993). System developers are beginning to realize that more attention should be paid to how to incorporate implicit forms of professional competence and knowledge into system design (Nyce and Graves, 1990; Nyce and Timpka, 1993). Such studies could help developers improve system acceptance by tailoring systems to users\u27 perceived needs in ways that will fit into their work practice patterns and routines (Graves and Nyce, 1992), match their values and provide them with benefits (Kaplan, 1987). One area ripe for study is the relationship between technologies of image delivery and how they may change the nature of work. Visualization technology, it is claimed, already has significantly changed work in science, engineering, and medicine (Kaufman, 1994). Changing what information is presented, its layout, and its mode of presentation, changes how professionals think about their work (Ruhleder, 1995). There are few formal studies of visualization systems and their relationship with work practices. Among them are studiesof CAD (Computer Assisted Design) systems, (Henderson, forthcoming), CT scanning (Barley 1986), visualization systems in neurology (Nyce and Graves, 1990), and a clinical imaging system (Kaplan and Lundsgaarde, 1994). Barney et al. (1990) express the needto make explicit the modes of understanding involved in accurately translating and using visual information. They advise identifying and describing the forms of reasoning and practice that are important to technological modeling of visualization so that information systems developers can construct environments that support routine practice effectively. For example, Ramey, Rowberg, and Robinson (1992) studied the task domain in diagnostic radiology for the purpose of designing radiology workstations. This paper concerns an evaluation study of a physician\u27s work and how that study led to design suggestions for a clinical imaging system. It reports on how formative evaluation can help fit system design to work practice

Focal Spot, Summer 2003

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/focal_spot_archives/1094/thumbnail.jp

A DESIGN METHOD OF LOGICAL SYSTEMS BASED ON PARALLEL PROCESSING

The paper outlines a design method of digital systems. The effect of problem partitioning can be taken into consideration in the specification of the control proced ure. The event- sequence represented by the operation order of the functional units can be handled and so, maximally parallel structures can be formed in systematic steps. The functional units are considered as "black boxes" and there is no need to make any difference between hardware and software realisations during the design procedure of the architecture. For that reason, the method can be used for redesigning e.g. a software problem, realised by a single source, in order to implement it in a parallel structure, which may consist of either software or hardware units

General purpose MDE tools

MDE paradigm promises to release developers from writing code. The basis of this paradigm consists in working at such a level of abstraction that will make it easyer for analysts to detail the project to be undertaken. Using the model described by analysts, software tools will do the rest of the task, generating software that will comply with customer's defined requirements. The purpose of this study is to compare general purpose tools available right now that enable to put in practice the principles of this paradigm and aimed at generating a wide variety of applications composed by interactive multimedia and artificial intelligence components

The programming-like-analysis of an innovative media tool

This paper describes a case study in which evaluation techniques have been developed and applied to a novel commercially developed tool for supporting efficiency and effectiveness of a digital film production processes. The tool is based upon a familiar concept in digital publishing that of separating style from content, and as such, it represents a challenge for intended end users since it moves them away from traditional working practices and towards programming-like-activity. Two alternative user interfaces have been developed following a commercial development route. Approaches to analyzing the effectiveness of the tool and its interfaces prior to its widespread adoption are described and the conclusions from this analysis are illustrated and discussed

Focal Spot, Winter 2004/2005

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/focal_spot_archives/1098/thumbnail.jp

Design Web-Based of Hajj Registration System for Iraq

In the 21st century, the internet and web-Based systems represent the primary strategic resources in the world. Majority population of the world use it every day and everywhere without exception. This study proposes to design a web-based registration for pilgrims in Iraq. In order to give all Iraqi citizens accessibility to make the registration available even properly, easily, and without tiredness. The main problems facing the organizers of this event in Iraq are due to two issues. The first one is the manual usage it is difficult to trace if hajj registered more than once. Secondly, it will take a long time for the potential pilgrims to know about the date and schedule for travel. This system will use the national number and passport number to login in the system and to register with prevents duplication happen. The pilgrim would also be able to be connected to SMS to know date and time for travel. The system will be developed by using UML to analysis and JSP with SQL server 2008 to create the registration system. Finally, it is very important to design an electronic system. That will enable the Iraqi citizens to register in the system in anytime and anywhere toward give more accurate information

Focal Spot, Spring 1998

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/focal_spot_archives/1078/thumbnail.jp

Imagine your perfect park: how would it be? A qualitative study on the preferences, barriers and facilitators of green spaces' use by adolescents in a southern European urban context

Os espaços verdes são elementos essenciais das cidades. Estes espaços contribuem significativamente para a saúde e bem-estar dos adolescentes no meio urbano, constituindo modos de intervenção custo-efetiva para a redução das iniquidades em saúde e a transformação de cidades resilientes às alterações climáticas. No que concerne o planeamento e design dos espaços verdes urbanos, as necessidades e interesses dos adolescentes tendem a ser negligenciados. Foi objetivo deste estudo identificar facilitadores, barreiras e promotores de uso de espaços verdes urbanos pelos adolescentes da Área Metropolitana do Porto. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo com recolha de dados através de grupos focais. Os participantes foram selecionados da coorte Geração XXI (G21) e foram estratificados de acordo com estatuto socioeconómico. Os dados foram analisados tematicamente, usando-se uma abordagem dedutivo-indutiva. A proximidade e multifuncionalidade dos espaços verdes urbanos foram os facilitadores de uso mais citados pelos adolescentes; enquanto que elevada pressão de visitantes, falta de vegetação e falta de manutenção foram identificados como importantes barreiras. Os adolescentes destacaram a necessidade de aumentar em número e tamanho os espaços verdes na Área Metropolitana do Porto, potenciando simultaneamente a sua multifuncionalidade através da provisão de equipamentos.Green spaces are an essential element in cities. They can significantly contribute to adolescents' health and wellbeing in the urban setting, being at the same time a cost-effective intervention to reduce health inequities and contributing to climate-resilient cities. Adolescents needs and desires regarding the planning and design of urban green spaces tend to be neglected. We aimed to identify facilitators, barriers and promoters of use of urban green spaces by adolescents in the Porto Metropolitan Area. A focus group design was used. Participants were selected from the Generation XXI cohort (G21) and were stratified according to their socioeconomic status. Data were analyzed thematically using a deductive-inductive approach. Proximity and multifunctionality of urban green spaces were the most cited facilitators of use, by adolescents; whilst high visitors' pressure, lack of vegetation and lack of maintenance were identified as important barriers. Adolescents enhance the need to increase the number and size of urban green spaces in the Porto Metropolitan Aera, while potentiating their multifunctionality by means of equipment provision