Models and Graphics in the Analysis of Categorical Variables: The Case of the Youth Tobacco Survey.

Youth Tobacco Surveys have been conducted in several states in the U.S. in recent years, in order to design policies with the goal of reducing tobacco use among young people. Some primary analysis of those surveys has been done, but few analyses include modeling, and the study of independence has been addressed, mainly, in the bivariate context. In this work contemporary methods, which are of relative recent appearance in categorical data analysis, will be examined, including logistic and log-linear modeling as well as graphical displays and correspondence analysis. These methods will be applied to data from the 2000 Tennessee Youth Tobacco Survey. The objective is to demonstrate that methods of multivariate categorical data analysis can provide fresh insight about the behavior of adolescents with respect to tobacco use. The ultimate purpose of this work is to recommend methodology that goes beyond that which is currently published

A Geneaology of Correspondence Analysis: Part 2 - The Variants

In 2012, a comprehensive historical and genealogical discussion of correspondence analysis was published in Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics. That genealogy consisted of more than 270 key books and articles and focused on an historical development of the correspondence analysis,a statistical tool which provides the analyst with a visual inspection of the association between two or more categorical variables. In this new genealogy, we provide a brief overview of over 30 variants of correspondence analysis that now exist outside of the traditional approaches used to analysethe association between two or more categorical variables. It comprises of a bibliography of a more than 300 books and articles that were not included in the 2012 bibliography and highlights the growth in the development ofcorrespondence analysis across all areas of research

Application of log-linear models in analysis of students' mathematics anxiety

A log-linear modeling for three-dimensional contingency tables is used with categorical variables. In this study, hierarchical log-linear models are used to fit the observed frequencies and to determine the suitable model for the expected frequencies of pre-university students? mathematics anxiety data. For this reason, 546 students were selected to complete mathematics anxiety scale questionnaire. Data on gender, course, grade and level of mathematics anxiety were examined for presence of association using log-linear models. Estimating log-linear model parameters is carried out using Maximum Likelihood method, where the Newton-Raphson iteration method is used to find the numerical estimates of the parameters. Selection of the best model is conducted using deviance of the models. The significance of the model is determined using Goodness of Fit Test. We also determine the odds ratio between gender, course, Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) Additional Mathematics grade and anxiety level to establish the risk among the groups. The final model shows that gender, course and SPM Additional Mathematics score play a role in determining the students' level of mathematics anxiety

THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MATHEMATICS EXAM SUCCESS RATE IN THE STUDY PROGRAMMES TAUGHT AT THE COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNICS JIHLAVA (2006–2015)

This paper addresses the exam success rates in Mathematics 1 at the College of Polytechnics in Jihlava (CPJ). Primary data taken from the school information system cover the years 2006–2015. We carried out a success rate analysis based on several criteria (form of study, the reason for termination of studies, gender). We observed the dependence of the success rate on the aforementioned criteria and time. Plus a detailed analysis of the success rate with respect to the study programme was conducted. The contingency tables analysis and correspondence analysis were used to assess the dependencies. The research showed that the success rate in Mathematics 1 has been decreasing over the course of the monitored period of time. The success rate of full-time students is higher compared to the part-time students. Women have higher success rate than men. The respective study programmes showed equivalent results. Technical study programmes show lower success rate in mathematics. The research furthermore implies that mathematics may not always be the cause of a complete termination of studies. To reverse the trend of the growing failure rate we introduced an entrance test of high school basic mathematics followed by a course for those who fail at this test. As a part of our currently running project, our school have been innovating the e-learning modules and working on the textbooks for Seminar in Mathematics that may be completed in a form of an intensive summer or winter school in mathematics. This project’s objective is an overall improvement of students’ mathematical knowledge and skills

Estimation of the basic reproduction number of measles during an outbreak in a partially vaccinated population

From March to July 1996 a measles outbreak occurred in northern Luxembourg with 110 reported cases centered around two primary schools (85 cases) and the surrounding community (25 cases). Eighty four suspected cases were confirmed serologically. Vaccine coverage was estimated from questionnaire-based surveys at the two primary schools to be 70 and 76%, respectively. Vaccine efficacy during the outbreak was estimated to be 94.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 90·4–97·0]. Using the information from the school surveys, we obtained estimates of the basic reproduction number of measles of 7·7 (95% CI 4·4–11·0) and 6·2 (95% CI 3·5–8·9), respectively. Assuming a 95% vaccine efficacy, these estimates correspond to minimal vaccine coverages of 91·6% (95% CI 81·4–95·7) and 88·3% (95% CI 75·5–93·4) which would have been necessary to minimize the chances of a major outbreak occurring. We can confirm that major outbreaks in similar school settings can only be prevented if vaccination coverage exceeds 90%

Pupil productivity in elementary school mathematics as related to principal and teacher leadership style

The purpose of this study was to investigate: (1) the relationship between the leadership style of an elementary school principal, as second-level manager, and the mathematics achievement of the students, and (2) the relationship between the degree of leadership style congruence of the elementary principal, as second-level manager, and the teacher, as first-level manager, and the mathematics achievement of students. Fiedler\u27s Contingency Theory of Leadership Effectiveness provided the conceptual framework for the study.;Measurements were recorded for a sample population of 28 principals, 245 teachers, and 5373 students of grades four, five, and six drawn from an urban district in southeastern Virginia with a student population of approximately 35,000.;Four hypotheses were tested for statistically significant (p (LESSTHEQ) 0.05) findings: (1) pupil gains in mathematics would be greater where principal leadership style and situation favorableness were matched, (2) pupil gains in mathematics would be greater where principal leadership style and teacher leadership style were congruent, (3) pupil gains in mathematics would be greater where principal leadership style and situation favorableness were matched and where principal and teacher leadership style were congruent, and (4) pupil gains in mathematics would be greater where teacher beliefs about mathematics and its instruction were informal and teacher competence in mathematics was high.;An analysis of variance for unequal cell size resulted in the rejection of each of the hypotheses. Significant findings, however, were found using student achievement as the dependent variable for the interaction between principal leadership style and situational conditions, for teacher leadership style, and for teacher attitude toward mathematics and its instruction.;It was concluded that there appeared to be a relationship between first- and second-level managers, teachers and principals, and the mathematics performance of fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students. The matching of principal leadership style and situational conditions as postulated by Fiedler appeared to be partially supported. Further, certain teacher-related constructs did strongly relate to student achievement in mathematics

Kansei analysis shown in a single map: multiple correspondence analysis of design elements and Kansei evaluation

In this study, we regarded the idea that supplementary variables and Multiple Correspondence Analysis are promising for analysis and visualize complicated relations in Kansei analysis. It could merge several different information tables and then project them into a map. Applying this advantage would make the overall view of Kansei. Design elements, samples, and associated Kansei words were shown in an MCA map. Leather patterns of children’s lower leg orthotics are the objective of this Kansei evaluation. The leather surface was simulated with 3D CG with physically based rendering methods

Political Socialization: A Cross National Comparison

The University of Kansas has long historical connections with Central America and the many Central Americans who have earned graduate degrees at KU. This work is part of the Central American Theses and Dissertations collection in KU ScholarWorks and is being made freely available with permission of the author through the efforts of Professor Emeritus Charles Stansifer of the History department and the staff of the Scholarly Communications program at the University of Kansas Libraries’ Center for Digital Scholarship