7 research outputs found

    Semantic-guided predictive modeling and relational learning within industrial knowledge graphs

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    The ubiquitous availability of data in today’s manufacturing environments, mainly driven by the extended usage of software and built-in sensing capabilities in automation systems, enables companies to embrace more advanced predictive modeling and analysis in order to optimize processes and usage of equipment. While the potential insight gained from such analysis is high, it often remains untapped, since integration and analysis of data silos from different production domains requires high manual effort and is therefore not economic. Addressing these challenges, digital representations of production equipment, so-called digital twins, have emerged leading the way to semantic interoperability across systems in different domains. From a data modeling point of view, digital twins can be seen as industrial knowledge graphs, which are used as semantic backbone of manufacturing software systems and data analytics. Due to the prevalent historically grown and scattered manufacturing software system landscape that is comprising of numerous proprietary information models, data sources are highly heterogeneous. Therefore, there is an increasing need for semi-automatic support in data modeling, enabling end-user engineers to model their domain and maintain a unified semantic knowledge graph across the company. Once the data modeling and integration is done, further challenges arise, since there has been little research on how knowledge graphs can contribute to the simplification and abstraction of statistical analysis and predictive modeling, especially in manufacturing. In this thesis, new approaches for modeling and maintaining industrial knowledge graphs with focus on the application of statistical models are presented. First, concerning data modeling, we discuss requirements from several existing standard information models and analytic use cases in the manufacturing and automation system domains and derive a fragment of the OWL 2 language that is expressive enough to cover the required semantics for a broad range of use cases. The prototypical implementation enables domain end-users, i.e. engineers, to extend the basis ontology model with intuitive semantics. Furthermore it supports efficient reasoning and constraint checking via translation to rule-based representations. Based on these models, we propose an architecture for the end-user facilitated application of statistical models using ontological concepts and ontology-based data access paradigms. In addition to that we present an approach for domain knowledge-driven preparation of predictive models in terms of feature selection and show how schema-level reasoning in the OWL 2 language can be employed for this task within knowledge graphs of industrial automation systems. A production cycle time prediction model in an example application scenario serves as a proof of concept and demonstrates that axiomatized domain knowledge about features can give competitive performance compared to purely data-driven ones. In the case of high-dimensional data with small sample size, we show that graph kernels of domain ontologies can provide additional information on the degree of variable dependence. Furthermore, a special application of feature selection in graph-structured data is presented and we develop a method that allows to incorporate domain constraints derived from meta-paths in knowledge graphs in a branch-and-bound pattern enumeration algorithm. Lastly, we discuss maintenance of facts in large-scale industrial knowledge graphs focused on latent variable models for the automated population and completion of missing facts. State-of-the art approaches can not deal with time-series data in form of events that naturally occur in industrial applications. Therefore we present an extension of learning knowledge graph embeddings in conjunction with data in form of event logs. Finally, we design several use case scenarios of missing information and evaluate our embedding approach on data coming from a real-world factory environment. We draw the conclusion that industrial knowledge graphs are a powerful tool that can be used by end-users in the manufacturing domain for data modeling and model validation. They are especially suitable in terms of the facilitated application of statistical models in conjunction with background domain knowledge by providing information about features upfront. Furthermore, relational learning approaches showed great potential to semi-automatically infer missing facts and provide recommendations to production operators on how to keep stored facts in synch with the real world

    The role of cognates in reading comprehension: a cognitive perspective

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    Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente.Research on cognates has strongly indicated that there is a close relationship between cognates management and reading comprehe nsion success (e.g. DeSouza, 2000; Moss, 1992; Nash, 1970; Holmes, 1986). The present investigation set out to explore that relationship from a cognitive perspective. The underlying contention that cognates do enhance reading comprehension generated the three following research questions: (a) Do cognates help in skimming a text for general comprehension? If so, to what extent do they do this? (b) Do cognates enhance prediction? If so, how do they do this? (c) Do cognates enhance recall? If so, to what extent do they do this? In order to answer the above research questions three different experiments were designed and applied to twenty-two ESP learners at The Extracurricular Language Courses Centre of the Federal University of Santa Catarina. The Experiments (i) investigated cognates and skimming a text for general comprehension, (ii) examined cognates and the process of making predictions through the use of titles, and (iii) verified whether or not a text with twice as many cognates would yield more recall than a text with half of them. The results suggest that (i) cognates play a facilitative role in aiding learners to get the general comprehension of texts, (ii) the quantity and quality of predictions made by participants were much higher for the text with twice as many cognates (T1) than for the text with half of them (T2), and (iii) both the quantity and quality of recall were much higher for T1. Nevertheless, the two comprehension tests that followed each experiment did not capture a significant difference between the two texts: Only Experiment 2 yielded the expected results, that is, that T1 would produce a comprehension rate right above that of T2. Some hypotheses were raised in an attempt to account for the failure of the other two experiments. In the light of the present findings, some limitations were acknowledged along with suggestions for future research and some pedagogical implications. All the discussion in the present work borrowed insights from both schema and working memory capacity theories. As pesquisas sobre cognatos têm fortemente indicado que existe uma próxima relação entre o manuseio de cognatos e o sucesso em compreensão leitora (e.g. DeSouza, 2000; Moss, 1992; Nash, 1970; Holmes, 1986). A presente investigação explorou essa relação de uma perspectiva cognitiva. A crença de que os cognatos intensificam a compreensão leitora gerou as três perguntas de pesquisa a seguir: (a) Os cognatos ajudam a fazer o #skimming# to texto para se obter a compreensão geral do mesmo? Se ajudarem, até que ponto eles fazem isso? (b), Os cognatos ajudam no processo de predição? Se ajudarem, como eles fazem isso? e (c) Os cognatos aumentam o número de proposições lembradas de um texto? Se aumentarem, até que ponto eles o fazem? Para responder a estas perguntas, três experimentos diferentes foram desenvolvidos e aplicados a vinte e dois aprendizes de Inglês Instrumental (ESP) do Curso Extracurricular da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Os experimentos investigaram (i) os cognatos e #skimming# um texto para se obter a compreensão geral, (ii) os cognatos e o processo de predição usando títulos e finalmente (iii) se um texto com o dobro de cognatos produziria maior número de proposições lembradas do que um texto com metade deles. Os resultados sugerem que (i) os cognatos desempenham um papel facilitador na compreensão geral de um texto, (ii) a quantidade e a qualidade das predições feitas foram maiores e melhores para o texto com o dobro de cognatos (T1) do que para o texto com metade deles (T2) e (iii) ambos a quantidade e a qualidade das proposições lembradas foram bem maiores para T1. Entretanto, os dois testes de compreensão leitora que foram aplicados depois de cada experimento não captaram uma diferença significativa entre os dois textos. Somente o Experimento 2 produziu os resultados esperados, isto é, o nível de compreensão leitora foi maior para T1 do que para T2. Levantou-se algumas hipóteses para dar de conta dessa inconsistência. À luz dos resultados obtidos, algumas limitações foram reconhecidas juntamente com sugestões para futuras pesquisas e algumas implicações pedagógicas. Toda a discussão deste trabalho tomou emprestado conceitos das teorias dos esquemas e da capacidade da memória de trabalho

    Schematisation in Hard-copy Tactile Orientation Maps

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    This dissertation investigates schematisation of computer-generated tactile orientation maps that support mediation of spatial knowledge of unknown urban environments. Computergenerated tactile orientation maps are designed to provide the blind with an overall impression of their surroundings. Their details are displayed by means of elevated features that are created by embossers and can be distinguished by touch. The initial observation of this dissertation states that only very little information is actually transported through tactile maps owing to the coarse resolution of tactual senses and the cognitive effort involved in the serial exploration of tactile maps. However, the differences between computer-generated, embossed tactile maps and manufactured, deep-drawn tactile maps are significant. Therefore the possibilities and confines of communicating information through tactile maps produced with embossers is a primary area of research. This dissertation has been able to demonstrate that the quality of embossed prints is an almost equal alternative to traditionally manufactured deep-drawn maps. Their great advantage is fast and individual production and (apart from the initial procurement costs for the printer)low price, accessibility and easy understanding without the need of prior time-consuming training. Simplification of tactile maps is essential, even more so than in other maps. It can be achieved by selecting a limited number from all map elements available. Qualitative simplification through schematisation may present an additional option to simplification through quantitative selection. In this context schematisation is understood as cognitively motivated simplification of geometry and synchronised maintenance of topology. Rather than further reducing the number of displayed objects, the investigation concentrates on how the presentation of different forms of streets (natural vs. straightened) and junctions (natural vs. prototypical) affects the transfer of knowledge. In a second area of research, a thesis establishes that qualitative simplification of tactile orientation maps through schematisation can enhance their usability and make them easier to understand than maps that have not been schematised. The dissertation shows that simplifying street forms and limiting them to prototypical junctions does not only accelerate map exploration but also has a beneficial influence on retention performance. The majority of participants that took part in the investigation selected a combination of both as their preferred display option. Tactile maps that have to be tediously explored through touch, uncovering every detail, complicate attaining a first impression or an overall perception. A third area of research is examined, establishing which means could facilitate map readersâ options to discover certain objects on the map quickly and without possessing a complete overview. Three types of aids are examined: guiding lines leading from the frame of the map to the object, position indicators represented by position markers at the frame of the map and coordinate specifications found within a grid on the map. The dissertation shows that all three varieties can be realised by embossers. Although a guiding line proves to be fast in size A4 tactile maps containing only one target object and few distracting objects, it also impedes further exploration of the map (similar to the grid). In the following, advantages and drawbacks of the various aids in this and other applications are discussed. In conclusion the dissertation elaborates on the linking points of all three examinations. They connect and it is argued that cognitively motivated simplification should be a principle of construction for embossed tactile orientation maps in order to support their use and comprehension. A summary establishes the recommendations that result from this dissertation regarding construction of tactile orientation maps considering the limitations through embosser constraints. Then I deliberate how to adapt schematisation of other maps contingent to intended function, previous knowledge of the map reader, and the relation between the time in which knowledge is acquired and the time it is employed. Closing the dissertation, I provide an insight into its confines and deductions and finish with a prospective view to possible transfers of the findings to other applications, e.g. multimedia or interactive maps on pin-matrix displays and devices

    Political theology and the theology of pastoral care: a comparative study with special reference to Jürgen Moltmann and Seward Hiltner

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    This study identifies the issues which have to be addressed by the theology of pastoral care if it is to recognise the eschatological, socio-political, and communal aspects of the gospel. To meet this task Seward Hiltner's theology of pastoral care is examined in relation to Jürgen Moltmann's political theology.The study is divided into three parts. Part 1 is a statement of Hiltner's theology and practice of pastoral care. After introducing the background to Hiltner's theology there is a presentation of his theology of pastoral care, where shepherding is taken as the central theological motif. The theory and practice of shepherding are then outlined, and shown to consist in pastoral counselling. Developments of Hiltner's theology by Ian F. McIntosh, James N. Iapsley, and Don S. Browning are stated. McIntosh develops the notion of two -way communication within the Body of Divinity; Iapsley shows how pastoral theology can employ dynamic ego psychology if salvation, God, and man are under- stood in the context of process philosophy; and Browning explains the analogical relationship between psychology and theology by building on the ontology of acceptance. Part 1 concludes with a. critical discussion of Hiltner's theology of pastoral care, concentrating on theological method and the content and nature of pastoral care. Emphasis is placed on Hiltner's failure to put theological questions to pastoral psychology.Part 2 is a presentation of Moltmann's political theology. After introducing political theology and placing it in context, its theological basis in the eschatology of the cross is outlined. It is shown how the dialectical nature of Moltmann's theology reflects his attempt to hold together both the cross of Jesus and the coming Kingdom of God. The resultant eschatology of the cross is developed in relation to the doctrines of God, history and man. Moltmann's political theology is then explained in terms of the eschatology of the cross. It is shown how history is the mediating agency for Christian faith and how hermeneutics must become political hermeneutics. The statement of Moltmann's position concludes with a presentation of the tasks of liberation, discussing concepts of liberation, liberation and the church, and liberations in the world. Part 2 concludes with a critical discussion of Moltmann's political theology, stressing the debate between Moltmann and the Latin American theologians of liberation.Part 3 begins with a comparative analysis of Hiltner's theology of pastoral care and Moltmann's political theology. There are three areas of concentration: theological methodology, the content of theology, and the nature of praxis. In this analysis, the extent of the divergence between the theology of pastoral care and political theology is made clear.The study concludes with a statement of the issues which must be addressed by the theology of pastoral care if it is to recognise the eschatological, socio-political and communal aspects of the gospel message. In the light of political theology, the theology of pastoral care has to question its operational methodology, its concentration on the individual to the exclusion of society, its allegiance to pastoral psychology and implicit alliance with liberal capitalism, its omission of the ontological nature of relationship, and its lack of contextualisation in the wider mission of the church

    On the role of Computational Logic in Data Science: representing, learning, reasoning, and explaining knowledge

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    In this thesis we discuss in what ways computational logic (CL) and data science (DS) can jointly contribute to the management of knowledge within the scope of modern and future artificial intelligence (AI), and how technically-sound software technologies can be realised along the path. An agent-oriented mindset permeates the whole discussion, by stressing pivotal role of autonomous agents in exploiting both means to reach higher degrees of intelligence. Accordingly, the goals of this thesis are manifold. First, we elicit the analogies and differences among CL and DS, hence looking for possible synergies and complementarities along 4 major knowledge-related dimensions, namely representation, acquisition (a.k.a. learning), inference (a.k.a. reasoning), and explanation. In this regard, we propose a conceptual framework through which bridges these disciplines can be described and designed. We then survey the current state of the art of AI technologies, w.r.t. their capability to support bridging CL and DS in practice. After detecting lacks and opportunities, we propose the notion of logic ecosystem as the new conceptual, architectural, and technological solution supporting the incremental integration of symbolic and sub-symbolic AI. Finally, we discuss how our notion of logic ecosys- tem can be reified into actual software technology and extended towards many DS-related directions

    The interpreter as intercultural mediator

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    This thesis looks at the role of the Slovak-English interpreter working in the consecutive mode in the business environment especially with regard to rendering cultural references from source texts, whether these are (British) English or Slovak. Since culture in this thesis is taken in the broad sense of the whole way of life, cultural references can also be wide-ranging. The strategy an interpreter will opt for when interpreting cultural references depends on the circumstances under which he or she operates. Interpreting puts constraints on interpreters which make their activity distinct from translation of written texts, where in cases of unknown cultural references, translators can resort to the use of notes. Interpreters are engaged in mediating communication between (two) clients who do not share the same language and who come from differing cultural backgrounds. Due to differences between the (British) English and the Slovak cultures - in their material, spiritual and behavioural aspects - as well as due to lack of knowledge of cultural references which the clients of English-Slovak interpreting have and which was caused historically, some intercultural mediation is needed. Its particular forms are the outcome of the weighing of the circumstances under which the English-Slovak consecutive interpreter works. Moreover, business interpreting contains challenges in the form of the vocabulary of business, a relatively new area for Slovak interpreters. An interpreter, under all the above mentioned constraints, has to fulfil his or her role: to establish and maintain communication between the two parties. Therefore some of the strategies used will try to prevent miscommunication, while others will try to deal with miscommunication once it has occurred

    Good and Bad Practices in Propositionalisation

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    Data is mainly available in relational formats, so relational data mining receives a lot of interest. Propositionalisation consists in changing the representation of relational data in order to apply usual attribute-value learning systems. Data mining practitioners are not necessarily aware of existing works and try to propositionalise by hand
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