1,048,859 research outputs found
Geometric Random Inner Products: A New Family of Tests for Random Number Generators
We present a new computational scheme, GRIP (Geometric Random Inner
Products), for testing the quality of random number generators. The GRIP
formalism utilizes geometric probability techniques to calculate the average
scalar products of random vectors generated in geometric objects, such as
circles and spheres. We show that these average scalar products define a family
of geometric constants which can be used to evaluate the quality of random
number generators. We explicitly apply the GRIP tests to several random number
generators frequently used in Monte Carlo simulations, and demonstrate a new
statistical property for good random number generators
Stateful Testing: Finding More Errors in Code and Contracts
Automated random testing has shown to be an effective approach to finding
faults but still faces a major unsolved issue: how to generate test inputs
diverse enough to find many faults and find them quickly. Stateful testing, the
automated testing technique introduced in this article, generates new test
cases that improve an existing test suite. The generated test cases are
designed to violate the dynamically inferred contracts (invariants)
characterizing the existing test suite. As a consequence, they are in a good
position to detect new errors, and also to improve the accuracy of the inferred
contracts by discovering those that are unsound. Experiments on 13 data
structure classes totalling over 28,000 lines of code demonstrate the
effectiveness of stateful testing in improving over the results of long
sessions of random testing: stateful testing found 68.4% new errors and
improved the accuracy of automatically inferred contracts to over 99%, with
just a 7% time overhead.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure
On the Design of LIL Tests for (Pseudo) Random Generators and Some Experimental Results
NIST SP800-22 (2010) proposes the state of art testing suite for (pseudo)
random generators to detect deviations of a binary sequence from randomness. On
the one hand, as a counter example to NIST SP800-22 test suite, it is easy to
construct functions that are considered as GOOD pseudorandom generators by NIST
SP800-22 test suite though the output of these functions are easily
distinguishable from the uniform distribution. Thus these functions are not
pseudorandom generators by definition. On the other hand, NIST SP800-22 does
not cover some of the important laws for randomness. Two fundamental limit
theorems about random binary strings are the central limit theorem and the law
of the iterated logarithm (LIL). Several frequency related tests in NIST
SP800-22 cover the central limit theorem while no NIST SP800-22 test covers
LIL.
This paper proposes techniques to address the above challenges that NIST
SP800-22 testing suite faces. Firstly, we propose statistical distance based
testing techniques for (pseudo) random generators to reduce the above mentioned
Type II errors in NIST SP800-22 test suite. Secondly, we propose LIL based
statistical testing techniques, calculate the probabilities, and carry out
experimental tests on widely used pseudorandom generators by generating around
30TB of pseudorandom sequences. The experimental results show that for a sample
size of 1000 sequences (2TB), the statistical distance between the generated
sequences and the uniform distribution is around 0.07 (with for
statistically indistinguishable and for completely distinguishable) and the
root-mean-square deviation is around 0.005
Stock Repurchase Agreements: Close Corporation Use of Designee Provision Permits Repurchase Despite Insufficient Earned Surplus
Statistical random number testing is a well studied field focusing on pseudo-random number generators, that is to say algorithms that produce random-looking sequences of numbers. These generators tend to have certain kinds of flaws, which have been exploited through rigorous testing. Such testing has led to advancements, and today pseudo random number generators are both very high-speed and produce seemingly random numbers. Recent advancements in quantum physics have opened up new doors, where products called quantum random number generators that produce acclaimed true randomness have emerged. Of course, scientists want to test such randomness, and turn to the old tests used for pseudo random number generators to do this. The main question this thesis seeks to answer is if publicly available such tests are good enough to evaluate a quantum random number generator. We also seek to compare sequences from such generators with those produced by state of the art pseudo random number generators, in an attempt to compare their quality. Another potential problem with quantum random number generators is the possibility of them breaking without the user knowing. Such a breakdown could have dire consequences. For example, if such a generator were to control the output of a slot machine, an malfunction could cause the machine to generate double earnings for a player compared to what was planned. Thus, we look at the possibilities to implement live tests to quantum random number generators, and propose such tests. Our study has covered six commonly available tools for random number testing, and we show that in particular one of these stands out in that it has a series of tests that fail our quantum random number generator as not random enough, despite passing an pseudo random number generator. This implies that the quantum random number generator behave differently from the pseudo random number ones, and that we need to think carefully about how we test, what we expect from an random sequence and what we want to use it for.Statistisk slumptalstestning Àr ett vÀl studerat Àmne som fokuserar pÄ sÄ kallade pseudoslumpgeneatorer, det vill sÀga algorithmer som producerar slump-liknande sekvenser med tal. SÄdana generatorer tenderar att ha vissa defekter, som har exploaterats genom rigorös tesning. SÄdan testning har lett till framsteg och idag Àr pseudoslumpgeneratorer bÄde otroligt snabba och producerar till synes slumpade tal. Framsteg inom kvantfysiken har lett till utvecklingen av kvantslumpgeneratorer, som producerar vad som hÀvdas vara Àkta slump. SjÀlvklart vill forskare utvÀrdera sÄdan slump, och har dÄ vÀnt sig till de gamla testerna som utvecklats för pseudoslumpgeneratorer. Den hÀr uppsatsen söker utvÀrdera hurvida allmÀnt tillgÀngliga slumptester Àr nog bra för att utvÀrdera kvantslumpgeneratorer. Vi jÀmför Àven kvantslumpsekvenser med pseudoslumpsekvenser för att se om dessa vÀsentligen skiljer sig frÄn varandra och pÄ vilket sÀtt. Ett annat potentiellt problem med kvantslumpgeneratorer Àr möjligheten att dessa gÄr sönder under drift. Om till exempel en kvantslumpgenerator anvÀnds för att slumpgenerera resultatet hos en enarmad bandit kan ett fel göra sÄ att maskinen ger dubbel vinst för en spelare jÀmfört med planerat. DÀrmed ser vi över möjligheten att implementera live-tester i kvantslumpgeneratorer, och föreslÄr nÄgra sÄdana tester. VÄr studie har tÀckt sex allmÀnt tillgÀngliga verktyg för slumptalstestning, och vi visar att i synnerhet ett av dessa stÄr ut pÄ sÄ sÀtt att det har en serie av tester som slumptalen frÄn vÄr kvantslumpgenerator inte anser Àr nog slumpade. Trots det visar samma test att sekvensen frÄn pseudoslumpgeneratorerna Àr bra nog. Detta antyder att kvantslumpgeneratorn beter sig annorlunda mot pseudoslumpgeneratorerna, och att vi behöver tÀnka över ordentligt kring hur vi testar slumpgeneratorer, vad vi förvÀntar oss att fÄ ut och hurvida detta pÄverkar det vi skall anvÀnda slumpgeneratorn till
A Code Profiling using Statistical Testing in StART
An exhausted testing is one of the testing strategy that need more time taken due to test the whole test cases in the Software Under Test. Many techniques have been proposed to avoid this situation because the size of the Software Under Test is vary and need to have good testing strategy performance. One of the techniques is Adaptive Random Testing (ART). The ART is one of the enhanced random testing. Due to ART performance is better than pure random testing, it becomes motivation to implement the ART in Aspect Oriented Program (AOP). The ART and random testing are similar in which is selection the first test case with random manner. But, ART add another one characteristic which is the evenness test in domain area. Due to similar for first test case, we proposed a new strategy called StART. In StART, we use statistical testing technique to get the information before we test. This process we named it as code profiling. This code profiling helps in selection first test case in this technique. The result from this phase shows the area that we need to select for test activity
Random walk tests for pseudo-random number generators
It is well known that there are no perfectly good generators of random number sequences, implying the need of testing the randomness of the sequences produced by such generators. There are many tests for measuring the uniformity of random sequences, and here we propose a few new ones, designed by random walks. The experiments we have made show that our tests discover some discrepancies of random sequences passing many other tests
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