238,527 research outputs found
You Cannot Have Your Cake and Eat It, too: How Induced Goal Conflicts Affect Complex Problem Solving
Managing multiple and conflicting goals is a demand typical to both everyday life and complex coordination tasks. Two experiments (N = 111) investigated how goal conflicts affect motivation and cognition in a complex problem- solving paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants dealt with a game-like computer simulation involving a predefined goal relation: Parallel goals were independent, mutually facilitating, or interfering with one another. As expected, goal conflicts entailed lowered motivation and wellbeing. Participants’ understanding of causal effects within the simulation was im- paired, too. Behavioral measures of subjects’ interventions support the idea of adaptive, self-regulatory processes: reduced action with growing awareness of the goal conflict and balanced goal pursuit. Experiment 2 endorses the hypotheses of motivation loss and reduced acquisition of system-related knowledge in an extended problem-solving paradigm of four conflicting goals. Impairing effects of goal interference on motivation and wellbeing were found, although less distinct and robust as in Experiment 1. Participants undertook fewer interventions in case of a goal conflict and acquired less knowledge about the system. Formal complexity due to the interconnectedness among goals is discussed as a limiting influence on inferring the problem structure
Methods for anticipating governance breakdown and violent conflict
In this paper, authors Sarah Bressan, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, and Dominic Seefeldt present the evolution and state of the art of both quantitative forecasting and scenario-based foresight methods that can be applied to help prevent governance breakdown and violent conflict in Europe’s neighbourhood. In the quantitative section, they describe the different phases of conflict forecasting in political science and outline which methodological gaps EU-LISTCO’s quantitative sub-national prediction tool will address to forecast tipping points for violent conflict and governance breakdown. The qualitative section explains EU-LISTCO’s scenario-based foresight methodology for identifying potential tipping points. After comparing both approaches, the authors discuss opportunities for methodological advancements across the boundaries of quantitative forecasting and scenario-based foresight, as well as how they can inform the design of strategic policy options
GHOST: experimenting countermeasures for conflicts in the pilot's activity
An approach for designing countermeasures to cure
conflict in aircraft pilots’ activities is presented,
both based on Artificial Intelligence and Human
Factors concepts.
The first step is to track the pilot’s activity, i.e. to
reconstruct what he has actually done thanks to the
flight parameters and reference models describing
the mission and procedures. The second step is
to detect conflict in the pilot’s activity, and this is
linked to what really matters to the achievement
of the mission. The third step is to design accu-
rate countermeasures which are likely to do bet-
ter than the existing onboard devices. The three
steps are presented and supported by experimental
results obtained from private and professional pi-
lots
Beliefs and Conflicts in a Real World Multiagent System
In a real world multiagent system, where the
agents are faced with partial, incomplete and
intrinsically dynamic knowledge, conflicts are
inevitable. Frequently, different agents have
goals or beliefs that cannot hold simultaneously.
Conflict resolution methodologies have to be
adopted to overcome such undesirable occurrences.
In this paper we investigate the application of
distributed belief revision techniques as the support
for conflict resolution in the analysis of the
validity of the candidate beams to be produced
in the CERN particle accelerators.
This CERN multiagent system contains a higher
hierarchy agent, the Specialist agent, which
makes use of meta-knowledge (on how the conflicting
beliefs have been produced by the other
agents) in order to detect which beliefs should be
abandoned. Upon solving a conflict, the Specialist
instructs the involved agents to revise their
beliefs accordingly.
Conflicts in the problem domain are mapped into
conflicting beliefs of the distributed belief revision
system, where they can be handled by
proven formal methods. This technique builds
on well established concepts and combines them
in a new way to solve important problems. We
find this approach generally applicable in several
domains
Formulating the cognitive design problem of air traffic management
Evolutionary approaches to cognitive design in the air traffic management (ATM) system can be attributed with a history of delayed developments. This issue is well illustrated in the case of the flight progress strip where attempts to design a computer-based system to replace the paper strip have consistently been met with rejection. An alternative approach to cognitive design of air traffic management is needed and this paper proposes an approach centred on the formulation of cognitive design problems. The paper gives an account of how a cognitive design problem was formulated for a simulated ATM task performed by controller subjects in the laboratory. The problem is formulated in terms of two complimentary models. First, a model of the ATM domain describes the cognitive task environment of managing the simulated air traffic. Second, a model of the ATM worksystem describes the abstracted cognitive behaviours of the controllers and their tools in performing the traffic management task. Taken together, the models provide a statement of worksystem performance, and express the cognitive design problem for the simulated system. The use of the problem formulation in supporting cognitive design, including the design of computer-based flight strips, is discussed
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Identifying Conflicting Requirements in Systems of Systems
A System of Systems (SoS) is an arrangement of useful and independent sub-systems, which are integrated into a larger system. Examples are found in transport systems, nutritional systems, smart homes and smart cities. The composition of component sub-systems into an SoS enables support for complex functionalities that cannot be provided by individual sub-systems on their own. However, to realize the benefits of these functionalities it is necessary to address several software engineering challenges including, but not limited to, the specification, design, construction, deployment, and management of an SoS. The various component sub-systems in an SoS environment are often concerned with distinct domains; are developed by different stake-holders under different circumstances and time; provide distinct functionalities; and are used by different stakeholders, which allow for the existence of conflicting requirements. In this paper, we present a framework to support management of emerging conflicting requirements in an SoS. In particular, we describe an approach to support identification of conflicts between resource-based requirements (i.e. requirements concerned with the consumption of different resources). In order to illustrate and evaluate the work, we use an example of a pilot study of an IoT SoS ecosystem designed to support food security at different levels of granularity, namely individuals, groups, cities, and nations
EEG-based cognitive control behaviour assessment: an ecological study with professional air traffic controllers
Several models defining different types of cognitive human behaviour are available. For this work, we
have selected the Skill, Rule and Knowledge (SRK) model proposed by Rasmussen in 1983. This model
is currently broadly used in safety critical domains, such as the aviation. Nowadays, there are no tools
able to assess at which level of cognitive control the operator is dealing with the considered task, that
is if he/she is performing the task as an automated routine (skill level), as procedures-based activity
(rule level), or as a problem-solving process (knowledge level). Several studies tried to model the SRK
behaviours from a Human Factor perspective. Despite such studies, there are no evidences in which such
behaviours have been evaluated from a neurophysiological point of view, for example, by considering
brain activity variations across the different SRK levels. Therefore, the proposed study aimed to
investigate the use of neurophysiological signals to assess the cognitive control behaviours accordingly
to the SRK taxonomy. The results of the study, performed on 37 professional Air Traffic Controllers,
demonstrated that specific brain features could characterize and discriminate the different SRK levels,
therefore enabling an objective assessment of the degree of cognitive control behaviours in realistic
setting
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