Magnetometer calibration using inertial sensors

In this work we present a practical algorithm for calibrating a magnetometer for the presence of magnetic disturbances and for magnetometer sensor errors. To allow for combining the magnetometer measurements with inertial measurements for orientation estimation, the algorithm also corrects for misalignment between the magnetometer and the inertial sensor axes. The calibration algorithm is formulated as the solution to a maximum likelihood problem and the computations are performed offline. The algorithm is shown to give good results using data from two different commercially available sensor units. Using the calibrated magnetometer measurements in combination with the inertial sensors to determine the sensor's orientation is shown to lead to significantly improved heading estimates.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

Development of MEMS - based IMU for position estimation: comparison of sensor fusion solutions

With the surge of inexpensive, widely accessible, and precise Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) in recent years, inertial systems tracking move ment have become ubiquitous nowadays. Contrary to Global Positioning Sys tem (GPS)-based positioning, Inertial Navigation System (INS) are intrinsically unaffected by signal jamming, blockage susceptibilities, and spoofing. Measure ments from inertial sensors are also acquired at elevated sampling rates and may be numerically integrated to estimate position and orientation knowledge. These measurements are precise on a small-time scale but gradually accumulate errors over extended periods. Combining multiple inertial sensors in a method known as sensor fusion makes it possible to produce a more consistent and dependable un derstanding of the system, decreasing accumulative errors. Several sensor fusion algorithms occur in literature aimed at estimating the Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) of a rigid body with respect to a reference frame. This work describes the development and implementation of a low-cost, multi purpose INS for position and orientation estimation. Additionally, it presents an experimental comparison of a series of sensor fusion solutions and benchmarking their performance on estimating the position of a moving object. Results show a correlation between what sensors are trusted by the algorithm and how well it performed at estimating position. Mahony, SAAM and Tilt algorithms had best general position estimate performance.Com o recente surgimento de sistemas micro-eletromecânico amplamente acessíveis e precisos nos últimos anos, o rastreio de movimento através de sistemas de in erciais tornou-se omnipresente nos dias de hoje. Contrariamente à localização baseada no Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS), os Sistemas de Naveg ação Inercial (SNI) não são afetados intrinsecamente pela interferência de sinal, suscetibilidades de bloqueio e falsificação. As medições dos sensores inerciais também são adquiridas a elevadas taxas de amostragem e podem ser integradas numericamente para estimar os conhecimentos de posição e orientação. Estas medições são precisas numa escala de pequena dimensão, mas acumulam grad ualmente erros durante longos períodos. Combinar múltiplos sensores inerci ais num método conhecido como fusão de sensores permite produzir uma mais consistente e confiável compreensão do sistema, diminuindo erros acumulativos. Vários algoritmos de fusão de sensores ocorrem na literatura com o objetivo de estimar os Sistemas de Referência de Atitude e Rumo (SRAR) de um corpo rígido no que diz respeito a uma estrutura de referência. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e implementação de um sistema multiusos de baixo custo para estimativa de posição e orientação. Além disso, apresenta uma comparação experimental de uma série de soluções de fusão de sensores e compara o seu de sempenho na estimativa da posição de um objeto em movimento. Os resultados mostram uma correlação entre os sensores que são confiados pelo algoritmo e o quão bem ele desempenhou na posição estimada. Os algoritmos Mahony, SAAM e Tilt tiveram o melhor desempenho da estimativa da posição geral

A Review of pedestrian indoor positioning systems for mass market applications

In the last decade, the interest in Indoor Location Based Services (ILBS) has increased stimulating the development of Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS). In particular, ILBS look for positioning systems that can be applied anywhere in the world for millions of users, that is, there is a need for developing IPS for mass market applications. Those systems must provide accurate position estimations with minimum infrastructure cost and easy scalability to different environments. This survey overviews the current state of the art of IPSs and classifies them in terms of the infrastructure and methodology employed. Finally, each group is reviewed analysing its advantages and disadvantages and its applicability to mass market applications

Estimating Epipolar Geometry With The Use of a Camera Mounted Orientation Sensor

Context: Image processing and computer vision are rapidly becoming more and more commonplace, and the amount of information about a scene, such as 3D geometry, that can be obtained from an image, or multiple images of the scene is steadily increasing due to increasing resolutions and availability of imaging sensors, and an active research community. In parallel, advances in hardware design and manufacturing are allowing for devices such as gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers and GPS receivers to be included alongside imaging devices at a consumer level. Aims: This work aims to investigate the use of orientation sensors in the field of computer vision as sources of data to aid with image processing and the determination of a scene’s geometry, in particular, the epipolar geometry of a pair of images - and devises a hybrid methodology from two sets of previous works in order to exploit the information available from orientation sensors alongside data gathered from image processing techniques. Method: A readily available consumer-level orientation sensor was used alongside a digital camera to capture images of a set of scenes and record the orientation of the camera. The fundamental matrix of these pairs of images was calculated using a variety of techniques - both incorporating data from the orientation sensor and excluding its use Results: Some methodologies could not produce an acceptable result for the Fundamental Matrix on certain image pairs, however, a method described in the literature that used an orientation sensor always produced a result - however in cases where the hybrid or purely computer vision methods also produced a result - this was found to be the least accurate. Conclusion: Results from this work show that the use of an orientation sensor to capture information alongside an imaging device can be used to improve both the accuracy and reliability of calculations of the scene’s geometry - however noise from the orientation sensor can limit this accuracy and further research would be needed to determine the magnitude of this problem and methods of mitigation

Magnetic Field Sensor Calibration for Attitude Determination

The presented work aims to give an overview of different calibration methods for magnetic field sensors, which are used for attitude determination. These methods are applicable in the field without any additional equipment. However, sometimes they require simplification assumptions. The paper addresses the validity of these assumptions, the accuracy and efficiency of the methods and the influence of the calibration error on the orientation estimation. Both simulations and measurements are used for evaluation. The measurements are performed using a GNSS multi-antenna system, providing an orientation reference (roll, pitch, yaw) without unknown external magnetic disturbances and with a sufficient accuracy (about 0.5 degrees). It is shown in simulations, that a full calibration of the sensor (including soft and hard iron disturbances by nearby materials) is possible without any additional equipment. However, experiments show, that some parts of the full calibration procedure are sensitive to an accurate execution of the necessary movements, which may lead to calibration errors in the same order of magnitude as a simplified method, which ignores the presence of soft iron disturbances

Micromagnetometer calibration for accurate orientation estimation

Micromagnetometers, together with inertial sensors, are widely used for attitude estimation for a wide variety of applications. However, appropriate sensor calibration, which is essential to the accuracy of attitude reconstruction, must be performed in advance. Thus far, many different magnetometer calibration methods have been proposed to compensate for errors such as scale, offset, and nonorthogonality. They have also been used for obviate magnetic errors due to soft and hard iron. However, in order to combine the magnetometer with inertial sensor for attitude reconstruction, alignment difference between the magnetometer and the axes of the inertial sensor must be determined as well. This paper proposes a practical means of sensor error correction by simultaneous consideration of sensor errors, magnetic errors, and alignment difference. We take the summation of the offset and hard iron error as the combined bias and then amalgamate the alignment difference and all the other errors as a transformation matrix. A two-step approach is presented to determine the combined bias and transformation matrix separately. In the first step, the combined bias is determined by finding an optimal ellipsoid that can best fit the sensor readings. In the second step, the intrinsic relationships of the raw sensor readings are explored to estimate the transformation matrix as a homogeneous linear least-squares problem. Singular value decomposition is then applied to estimate both the transformation matrix and magnetic vector. The proposed method is then applied to calibrate our sensor node. Although there is no ground truth for the combined bias and transformation matrix for our node, the consistency of calibration results among different trials and less than 3° root mean square error for orientation estimation have been achieved, which illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed sensor calibration method for practical applications