T-ALL and thymocytes : a message of noncoding RNAs

In the last decade, the role for noncoding RNAs in disease was clearly established, starting with microRNAs and later expanded towards long noncoding RNAs. This was also the case for T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which is a malignant blood disorder arising from oncogenic events during normal T cell development in the thymus. By studying the transcriptomic profile of protein-coding genes, several oncogenic events leading to T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) could be identified. In recent years, it became apparent that several of these oncogenes function via microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs. In this review, we give a detailed overview of the studies that describe the noncoding RNAome in T-ALL oncogenesis and normal T cell development

C/EBPα-p30 protein induces expression of the oncogenic long non-coding RNA UCA1 in acute myeloid leukemia

Accumulating evidences indicate that different long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) might play a relevant role in tumorigenesis, with their expression and function already associated to cancer development and progression. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (CEBPA) is a critical regulator of myeloid differentiation whose inactivation contributes to the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Mutations in C/EBPα occur in around 10% of AML cases, leading to the expression of a 30-kDa dominant negative isoform (C/EBPα-p30). In this study, we identified the oncogenic urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1) lncRNA as a novel target of the C/EBPα-p30. We show that wild-type C/EBPα and C/EBPα-p30 isoform can bind the UCA1 promoter but have opposite effects on UCA1 expression. While wild-type C/EBPα represses, C/EBPα-p30 can induce UCA1 transcription. Notably, we also show that UCA1 expression increases in cytogenetically normal AML cases carrying biallelic CEBPA mutations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that UCA1 sustains proliferation of AML cells by repressing the expression of the cell cycle regulator p27kip1. Thus, we identified, for the first time, an oncogenic lncRNA functioning in concert with the dominant negative isoform of C/EBPα in AML

Long Non-Coding RNAs: New Players in Hematopoiesis and Leukemia

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression that influence almost every step in the life cycle of genes, from transcription to mRNA splicing, RNA decay, and translation. Besides their participation to normal physiology, lncRNA expression and function have been already associated to cancer development and progression. Here, we review the functional role and mechanisms of action of lncRNAs in normal hematopoiesis and how their misregulation may be implicated in the development of blood cell cancer, such as leukemia

Role of non-coding RNA networks in leukemia progression, metastasis and drug resistance.

Early-stage detection of leukemia is a critical determinant for successful treatment of the disease and can increase the survival rate of leukemia patients. The factors limiting the current screening approaches to leukemia include low sensitivity and specificity, high costs, and a low participation rate. An approach based on novel and innovative biomarkers with high accuracy from peripheral blood offers a comfortable and appealing alternative to patients, potentially leading to a higher participation rate.Recently, non-coding RNAs due to their involvement in vital oncogenic processes such as differentiation, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and apoptosis have attracted much attention as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in leukemia. Emerging lines of evidence have shown that the mutational spectrum and dysregulated expression of non-coding RNA genes are closely associated with the development and progression of various cancers, including leukemia. In this review, we highlight the expression and functional roles of different types of non-coding RNAs in leukemia and discuss their potential clinical applications as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets

Long non-coding RNA profiling of human lymphoid progenitor cells reveals transcriptional divergence of B cell and T cell lineages.

To elucidate the transcriptional 'landscape' that regulates human lymphoid commitment during postnatal life, we used RNA sequencing to assemble the long non-coding transcriptome across human bone marrow and thymic progenitor cells spanning the earliest stages of B lymphoid and T lymphoid specification. Over 3,000 genes encoding previously unknown long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were revealed through the analysis of these rare populations. Lymphoid commitment was characterized by lncRNA expression patterns that were highly stage specific and were more lineage specific than those of protein-coding genes. Protein-coding genes co-expressed with neighboring lncRNA genes showed enrichment for ontologies related to lymphoid differentiation. The exquisite cell-type specificity of global lncRNA expression patterns independently revealed new developmental relationships among the earliest progenitor cells in the human bone marrow and thymus

Long non-coding RNAs defining major subtypes of B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a novel class of RNA due to its diverse mechanism in cancer development and progression. However, the role and expression pattern of lncRNAs in molecular subtypes of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) have not yet been investigated. Here, we assess to what extent lncRNA expression and DNA methylation is driving the progression of relapsed BCP-ALL subtypes and we determine if the expression and DNA methylation profile of lncRNAs correlates with established BCP-ALL subtypes. METHODS: We performed RNA sequencing and DNA methylation (Illumina Infinium microarray) of 40 diagnosis and 42 relapse samples from 45 BCP-ALL patients in a German cohort and quantified lncRNA expression. Unsupervised clustering was applied to ascertain and confirm that the lncRNA-based classification of the BCP-ALL molecular subtypes is present in both our cohort and an independent validation cohort of 47 patients. A differential expression and differential methylation analysis was applied to determine the subtype-specific, relapse-specific, and differentially methylated lncRNAs. Potential functions of subtype-specific lncRNAs were determined by using co-expression-based analysis on nearby (cis) and distally (trans) located protein-coding genes. RESULTS: Using an integrative Bioinformatics analysis, we developed a comprehensive catalog of 1235 aberrantly dysregulated BCP-ALL subtype-specific and 942 relapse-specific lncRNAs and the methylation profile of three subtypes of BCP-ALL. The 1235 subtype-specific lncRNA signature represented a similar classification of the molecular subtypes of BCP-ALL in the independent validation cohort. We identified a strong correlation between the DUX4-specific lncRNAs and genes involved in the activation of TGF-β and Hippo signaling pathways. Similarly, Ph-like-specific lncRNAs were correlated with genes involved in the activation of PI3K-AKT, mTOR, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Interestingly, the relapse-specific lncRNAs correlated with the activation of metabolic and signaling pathways. Finally, we found 23 promoter methylated lncRNAs epigenetically facilitating their expression levels. CONCLUSION: Here, we describe a set of subtype-specific and relapse-specific lncRNAs from three major BCP-ALL subtypes and define their potential functions and epigenetic regulation. The subtype-specific lncRNAs are reproducible and can effectively stratify BCP-ALL subtypes. Our data uncover the diverse mechanism of action of lncRNAs in BCP-ALL subtypes defining which lncRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of disease and are relevant for the stratification of BCP-ALL subtypes

LncRNAs signature defining major subtypes of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Introduction: B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is the most prevalent heterogeneous cancer in children and adults, with multiple subtypes. Emerging evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) might play a key role in the development and progression of leukemia. Thus, we performed a transcriptional and DNA methylation survey to explore the lncRNA landscape on three BCP-ALL subtypes (82 samples) and demonstrated their functions and epigenetic profile. Methodology: The primary BCP-ALL samples from bone marrow material were collected from diagnosis (ID) and relapse (REL) stages of adult (n = 21) and pediatric (n = 24) BCP-ALL patients, using RNA-seq and DNA methylation array technology. The subtype-specific and relapse-specific lncRNAs were analyzed by differential expression (DE) analysis method using LIMMA Voom. By analyzing the co-expression of the subtype-specific lncRNAs and protein-coding (PC) genes from all subtypes, we inferred potential functions of these lncRNAs by applying “guilt-by-association” approach. Additionally, we validated our subtype-specific lncRNAs on an independent cohort of 47 BCP-ALL samples. The epigenetic regulation of subtype-specific lncRNAs were identified using the Bumphunter package. The correlation analysis was performed between DM and DE lncRNAs from three subtypes to determine the epigenetically facilitated and silenced lncRNAs. Results: We present a comprehensive landscape of lncRNAs signatures which classifies three molecular subtypes of BCP-ALL on DNA methylation and RNA expression levels. The principle component analysis (PCA) on most variable lncRNAs on RNA and DNA methylation level confirmed robust separation of DUX4, Ph-like and NH-HeH BCP-ALL subtypes. Using integrative bioinformatics analysis, subtype-specific and relapse-specific lncRNAs signature together determine 1564 subtype-specific and 941 relapse-specific lncRNAs from three subtypes. The unsupervised hierarchical clustering on these subtype-specific lncRNAs validated their specificity on the independent validation cohort. For the first time, our study demonstrates that BCP-ALL subtype specific as well as relapse-specific lncRNAs may contribute to the activation of key pathways including TGF-β, PI3K-Akt, mTOR and activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathways from DUX4 and Ph-like subtypes. Finally, the significantly hyper-methylated and hypo-methylated subtype-specific lncRNAs were profiled. In addition to that, we identified 23 subtypes specific lncRNAs showing hypo and hyper-methylation pattern in their promoter region that significantly correlates with their diminished and increased expression in respective subtypes. Conclusions: Overall, our work provides the most comprehensive analyses for lncRNAs in BCP-ALL subtypes. Our findings suggest a wide range of biological functions associated with lncRNAs and epigenetically facilitated lncRNAs in BCP-ALL and provide a foundation for functional investigations that could lead to novel therapeutic approaches.Einführung: Die B-Vorläufer akute lymphatischen Leukämie (BCP-ALL) ist eine heterogene Krebserkrankung mit mehreren definierten Subgruppen. Neue Daten deuten darauf hin, dass lange nicht-kodierende RNAs (long noncoding RNAs - lncRNAs) eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Entwicklung und Progression der BCP-ALL spielen könnten. Daher führten wir eine Transkriptions- und DNA-Methylierungsstudie durch, um die lncRNA-Landschaft von drei BCP-ALL-Subgruppen (82 Proben) zu charakterisieren und potentielle regulative Konsequenzen zu analysieren. Methodik: Material wurde zum Zeitpunkt der Erstdiagnose (ID) und im Rezidiv (REL) von erwachenen (n = 21) und pädiatrischen (n = 24) BCP-ALL-Patienten entnommen und unter Verwendung von RNA-Seq und DNA-Methylierungs-Array-Technologien untersucht. Die Subgruppen-spezifischen und rezidiv-spezifischen lncRNAs wurden durch differentielle Expressions (DE) Analysen mit LIMMA Voom analysiert. Durch die Analyse der Koexpression von lncRNAs mit Protein-kodierenden (PC) Genen aus allen Subgruppen schlossen wir unter Verwendung eines ‚Guilt-by-association‘ -Ansatzes auf potentielle Funktionen der DE lncRNAs. Zudem haben wir die Subgruppen-spezifischen lncRNAs auf einem unabhängigen Datenset von 47 BCP-ALL-Proben validiert. Die epigenetische. Die epigenetische Regulation von Subgruppen-spezifischen lncRNAs wurde durch eine differentielle Methylierungs (DM) analyse identifiziert. Die Korrelation zwischen DM und DE lncRNAs aus drei Subgruppen wurde ermittelt, um den Einfluss der epigenetischen Regulation auf die Expression von lncRNAs zu analysieren. Ergebnisse: Wir präsentieren eine umfassende Landschaft von lncRNA-Signaturen, die drei molekulare Subtypen von BCP-ALL auf DNA-Methylierungs- und RNA-Expressionslevel klassifiziert. Die Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) auf den top variablen lncRNAs auf RNA und DNA-Methylierungsniveau bestätigte eine robuste Trennung von Ph-like, DUX4 und NH-NeH BCP-ALL Subtypen. Mit integrativer bioinformatischer Analyse, zusammen 1564 subtyp-spezifische und 941 rezidiv-spezifische lncRNAs aus den drei Subtypen. Das unüberwachte hierarchische Clustering auf diesen Subtyp-spezifischen lncRNAs validierte ihre Spezifität in der unabhängigen Validierungskohorte. Unsere Studie zeigt erstmals, dass BCP-ALL-Subtyp-spezifische sowie Rezidiv-spezifische lncRNAs zur Aktivierung von Signalwegen wie TGF-β, PI3K-Akt, mTOR und Aktivierung von JAK-STAT-Signalwegen von DUX4 und Ph-like Subtypen. Endlich wurden die signifikant DM subtyp-spezifische lncRNAs profiliert. Darüber hinaus identifizierten wir 23 Subtyp-spezifische lncRNAs, die ein Hypo- und Hypermethylierungsmuster in ihrer Promotorregion zeigen, das signifikant mit ihrer verringerten und erhöhten Expression in den jeweiligen Subtypen korreliert. Schlussfolgerungen: Insgesamt liefert unsere Arbeit die umfassendsten Analysen für lncRNAs in BCP-ALL-Subtypen. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen auf eine Vielzahl von biologischen Funktionen im Zusammenhang mit lncRNAs und epigenetisch erleichterten lncRNAs in BCP-ALL hin und bieten eine Grundlage für funktionelle Untersuchungen, die zu neuen therapeutischen Ansätzen führen könnten