Non-Guard Interval based and Genetic Algorithm Assisted Frequency Domain Equalization for DS-UWB Systems

In this work, a genetic algorithm (GA) based frequency domain equalization (FDE-GA) scheme was proposed for direct sequence ultra wideband (DS-UWB) wireless communication systems. The proposed FDE-GA scheme does not require a guard interval (GI) and the output of the RAKE receiver is used as the input to our GA. The scheme achieved much higher bandwidth efficiency than conventional FDE methods because of the removal of the inter block interference (IBI) within each block before the GA. The FDE-GA receiver was shown to significantly outperform the RAKE receiver and the RAKE-GA receiver proposed in a previous work, in terms of bit error rate (BER) at a similar complexity. An improvement in the mean square error (MSE) was observed from simulation results presented, as a result of increase in the number of pilot symbols.Keywords: frequency domain equalization, guard interval, ultra-wideband, genetic algorithm, inter block-interferenc

Ultra-wideband indoor communications using optical technology

La communication ultra large bande (UWB) a attiré une énorme quantité de recherches ces dernières années, surtout après la présentation du masque spectral de US Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Les impulsions ultra-courtes permettent de très hauts débits de faible puissance tout en éliminant les interférences avec les systèmes existants à bande étroite. La faible puissance, cependant, limite la portée de propagation des radios UWB à quelques mètres pour la transmission sans fil à l’intérieur d’une pièce. En outre, des signaux UWB reçu sont étendus dans le temps en raison de la propagation par trajet multiple qui résulte en beaucoup d’interférence inter-symbole (ISI) à haut débit. Le monocycle Gaussien, l’impulsion la plus commune dans UWB, a une mauvaise couverture sous le masque de la FCC. Dans cette thèse, nous démontrons des transmet- teurs qui sont capables de générer des impulsions UWB avec une efficacité de puissance élevée. Une impulsion efficace résulte dans un rapport de signal à bruit (SNR) supérieur au récepteur en utilisant plus de la puissance disponible sous le masque spectral de la FCC. On produit les impulsions dans le domaine optique et utilise la fibre optique pour les transporter sur plusieurs kilomètres pour la distribution dans un réseau optique pas- sif. La fibre optique est très fiable pour le transport des signaux radio avec une faible consommation de puissance. On utilise les éléments simples comme un modulateur Mach-Zehnder ou un résonateur en anneau pour générer des impulsions, ce qui permet l’intégration dans le silicium. Compatible avec la technologie CMOS, la photonique sur silicium a un potentiel énorme pour abaisser le coût et l’encombrement des systèmes optiques. La photodétection convertit les impulsions optiques en impulsions électriques avant la transmission sur l’antenne du côté de l’utilisateur. La réponse fréquentielle de l’antenne déforme la forme d’onde de l’impulsion UWB. Nous proposons une technique d’optimisation non-linéaire qui prend en compte la distorsion d’antenne pour trouver des impulsions qui maximisent la puissance transmise, en respectant le masque spectral de la FCC. Nous travaillons avec trois antennes et concevons une impulsion unique pour chacune d’entre elle. L’amélioration de l’énergie des impulsions UWB améliore directement la SNR au récepteur. Les résultats de simulation montrent que les impulsions optimisées améliorent considérablement le taux d’erreur (BER) par rapport au monocycle Gaussien sous propagation par trajet multiple. Notre autre contribution est l’évaluation d’un filtre adapté pour recevoir efficacement des impulsions UWB. Le filtre adapté est synthétisé et fabriqué en technologie microstrip, en collaboration avec l’Université McGill comme un dispositif de bande interdite électromagnétique. La réponse fréquentielle du filtre adapté montre une ex- cellente concordance avec le spectre ciblé de l’impulsion UWB. Les mesures de BER confirment la performance supérieure du filtre adapté par rapport à un récepteur à conversion directe. Le canal UWB est très riche en trajet multiple conduisant à l’ISI à haut débit. Notre dernière contribution est l’étude de performance des récepteurs en simulant un système avec des conditions de canaux réalistes. Les résultats de la simulation montrent que la performance d’un tel système se dégrade de façon significative pour les hauts débits. Afin de compenser la forte ISI dans les taux de transfert de données en Gb/s, nous étudions l’algorithme de Viterbi (VA) avec un nombre limité d’états et un égaliseur DFE (decision feedback equalizer). Nous examinons le nombre d’états requis dans le VA, et le nombre de coefficients du filtre dans le DFE pour une transmission fiable de UWB en Gb/s dans les canaux en ligne de vue. L’évaluation par simulation de BER confirme que l’égalisation améliore considérablement les performances par rapport à la détection de symbole. La DFE a une meilleure performance par rapport à la VA en utilisant une complexité comparable. La DFE peut couvrir une plus grande mémoire de canal avec un niveau de complexité relativement réduit.Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication has attracted an enormous amount of research in recent years, especially after the introduction of the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectral mask. Ultra-short pulses allow for very high bit-rates while low power eliminates interference with existing narrowband systems. Low power, however, limits the propagation range of UWB radios to a few meters for indoors wireless transmission. Furthermore, received UWB signals are spread in time because of multipath propagation which results in high intersymbol interference at high data rates. Gaussian monocycle, the most commonly employed UWB pulse, has poor coverage under the FCC mask. In this thesis we demonstrate transmitters capable of generating UWB pulses with high power efficiency at Gb/s bit-rates. An efficient pulse results in higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver by utilizing most of the available power under the FCC spectral mask. We generate the pulses in the optical domain and use optical fiber to transport the pulses over several kilometers for distribution in a passive optical network. Optical fiber is very reliable for transporting radio signals with low power consumption. We use simple elements such as a Mach Zehnder modulator or a ring resonator for pulse shaping, allowing for integration in silicon. Being compatible with CMOS technology, silicon photonics has huge potential for lowering the cost and bulkiness of optical systems. Photodetection converts the pulses to the electrical domain before antenna transmission at the user side. The frequency response of UWB antennas distorts the UWB waveforms. We pro- pose a nonlinear optimization technique which takes into account antenna distortion to find pulses that maximize the transmitted power, while respecting the FCC spectral mask. We consider three antennas and design a unique pulse for each. The energy improvement in UWB pulses directly improves the receiver SNR. Simulation results show that optimized pulses have a significant bit error rate (BER) performance improvement compared to the Gaussian monocycle under multipath propagation. Our other contribution is evaluating a matched filter to receive efficiently designed UWB pulses. The matched filter is synthesized and fabricated in microstrip technology in collaboration with McGill University as an electromagnetic bandgap device. The frequency response of the matched filter shows close agreement with the target UWB pulse spectrum. BER measurements confirm superior performance of the matched filter compared to a direct conversion receiver. The UWB channel is very rich in multipath leading to ISI at high bit rates. Our last contribution is investigating the performance of receivers by simulating a system employing realistic channel conditions. Simulation results show that the performance of such system degrades significantly for high data rates. To compensate the severe ISI at gigabit rates, we investigate the Viterbi algorithm (VA) with a limited number of states and the decision feedback equalizer (DFE). We examine the required number of states in the VA, and the number of taps in the DFE for reliable Gb/s UWB trans- mission for line-of-sight channels. Non-line-of-sight channels were also investigated at lower speeds. BER simulations confirm that equalization considerably improves the performance compared to symbol detection. The DFE results in better performance compared to the VA when using comparable complexity as the DFE can cover greater channel memory with a relatively low complexity level

Multiuser MIMO-OFDM for Next-Generation Wireless Systems

This overview portrays the 40-year evolution of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) research. The amelioration of powerful multicarrier OFDM arrangements with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems has numerous benefits, which are detailed in this treatise. We continue by highlighting the limitations of conventional detection and channel estimation techniques designed for multiuser MIMO OFDM systems in the so-called rank-deficient scenarios, where the number of users supported or the number of transmit antennas employed exceeds the number of receiver antennas. This is often encountered in practice, unless we limit the number of users granted access in the base station’s or radio port’s coverage area. Following a historical perspective on the associated design problems and their state-of-the-art solutions, the second half of this treatise details a range of classic multiuser detectors (MUDs) designed for MIMO-OFDM systems and characterizes their achievable performance. A further section aims for identifying novel cutting-edge genetic algorithm (GA)-aided detector solutions, which have found numerous applications in wireless communications in recent years. In an effort to stimulate the cross pollination of ideas across the machine learning, optimization, signal processing, and wireless communications research communities, we will review the broadly applicable principles of various GA-assisted optimization techniques, which were recently proposed also for employment inmultiuser MIMO OFDM. In order to stimulate new research, we demonstrate that the family of GA-aided MUDs is capable of achieving a near-optimum performance at the cost of a significantly lower computational complexity than that imposed by their optimum maximum-likelihood (ML) MUD aided counterparts. The paper is concluded by outlining a range of future research options that may find their way into next-generation wireless systems

Ultra-wideband antennas

The focus of UWB antenna research activity has matured in recent years and currently mainly concentrates on applications such as biomedicine and security. Early UWB antenna designs were driven by the FCC allocation of spectrum in 2002 and focussed on obtaining wide impedance bandwidths with reasonable group delay characteristics. Many of these were simple planar monopoles antennas with canonical geometries. The emergence of new applications channelled the emphasis towards miniaturisation and integration into devices. This required optimisation of the antenna geometries to ensure that good system performance is achieved from the integrated antenna. Many optimisation techniques are available including the spline technique to generate the outline of the antenna element and ground plane. Simple methods based on genetic algorithms are employed and evolutionary algorithms which are capable of optimising for multiple goals are beneficial when multiple antenna parameters are simultaneously investigated. These techniques have proven advantageous especially when time-domain performance is critical and provide solutions for both single-ended and differential feed arrangements. The main applications using UWB channels in the 3.1 GHz −10.6 GHz spectrum are localization and tracking applications, mainly employing impulse radio UWB imaging, and generally using linear polarization. However circularly-polarized UWB antennas have been developed, both directional and omnidirectional and are being investigated across various systems