5,772 research outputs found
Implementation of RTOS to the WSN node
Bezdrátové senzorické sieťe zväčša používajú `event-driven` operačné systémy. Táto práca diskutuje výhody nevýhody použitia RTOS v bezdrátových senzorických sieťach. Najvhodnejší RTOS je vybratý a sú podniknuté všetky kroky aby bolo možne demonštrovať schopnosť mikrokontrolérov Gecko od EnergyMicro prevádzkovať tento RTOS s nízkou spotrebou energie a demonštrovať jednoduchú bezdrátovú komunikáciu s Atmel AT86RF212 rádiami.Wireless sensors networks mostly use event-driven OSes. This works discusses pros and cons of using RTOS in wirless sensors networks. A most appropriate RTOS is chosen and all necessary steps are undergone to demonstrate EnergyMicro Gecko MCU's ability to run the RTOS with low energy consumption and demonstrate wireless simple communication with Atmel AT86RF212 radios.
Shared versus distributed memory multiprocessors
The question of whether multiprocessors should have shared or distributed memory has attracted a great deal of attention. Some researchers argue strongly for building distributed memory machines, while others argue just as strongly for programming shared memory multiprocessors. A great deal of research is underway on both types of parallel systems. Special emphasis is placed on systems with a very large number of processors for computation intensive tasks and considers research and implementation trends. It appears that the two types of systems will likely converge to a common form for large scale multiprocessors
The "MIND" Scalable PIM Architecture
MIND (Memory, Intelligence, and Network Device) is an advanced parallel computer architecture for high performance computing and scalable embedded processing. It is a
Processor-in-Memory (PIM) architecture integrating both DRAM bit cells and CMOS logic devices on the same silicon die. MIND is multicore with multiple memory/processor nodes on
each chip and supports global shared memory across systems of MIND components. MIND is distinguished from other PIM architectures in that it incorporates mechanisms for efficient support of a global parallel execution model based on the semantics of message-driven multithreaded split-transaction processing. MIND is designed to operate either in conjunction with other conventional microprocessors or in standalone arrays of like devices. It also incorporates mechanisms for fault tolerance, real time execution, and active power management. This paper describes the major elements and operational methods of the MIND
architecture
PILOT: Password and PIN Information Leakage from Obfuscated Typing Videos
This paper studies leakage of user passwords and PINs based on observations
of typing feedback on screens or from projectors in the form of masked
characters that indicate keystrokes. To this end, we developed an attack called
Password and Pin Information Leakage from Obfuscated Typing Videos (PILOT). Our
attack extracts inter-keystroke timing information from videos of password
masking characters displayed when users type their password on a computer, or
their PIN at an ATM. We conducted several experiments in various attack
scenarios. Results indicate that, while in some cases leakage is minor, it is
quite substantial in others. By leveraging inter-keystroke timings, PILOT
recovers 8-character alphanumeric passwords in as little as 19 attempts. When
guessing PINs, PILOT significantly improved on both random guessing and the
attack strategy adopted in our prior work [4]. In particular, we were able to
guess about 3% of the PINs within 10 attempts. This corresponds to a 26-fold
improvement compared to random guessing. Our results strongly indicate that
secure password masking GUIs must consider the information leakage identified
in this paper
Demystifying the Characteristics of 3D-Stacked Memories: A Case Study for Hybrid Memory Cube
Three-dimensional (3D)-stacking technology, which enables the integration of
DRAM and logic dies, offers high bandwidth and low energy consumption. This
technology also empowers new memory designs for executing tasks not
traditionally associated with memories. A practical 3D-stacked memory is Hybrid
Memory Cube (HMC), which provides significant access bandwidth and low power
consumption in a small area. Although several studies have taken advantage of
the novel architecture of HMC, its characteristics in terms of latency and
bandwidth or their correlation with temperature and power consumption have not
been fully explored. This paper is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to
characterize the thermal behavior of HMC in a real environment using the AC-510
accelerator and to identify temperature as a new limitation for this
state-of-the-art design space. Moreover, besides bandwidth studies, we
deconstruct factors that contribute to latency and reveal their sources for
high- and low-load accesses. The results of this paper demonstrates essential
behaviors and performance bottlenecks for future explorations of
packet-switched and 3D-stacked memories.Comment: EEE Catalog Number: CFP17236-USB ISBN 13: 978-1-5386-1232-
Metastability-Containing Circuits
In digital circuits, metastability can cause deteriorated signals that
neither are logical 0 or logical 1, breaking the abstraction of Boolean logic.
Unfortunately, any way of reading a signal from an unsynchronized clock domain
or performing an analog-to-digital conversion incurs the risk of a metastable
upset; no digital circuit can deterministically avoid, resolve, or detect
metastability (Marino, 1981). Synchronizers, the only traditional
countermeasure, exponentially decrease the odds of maintained metastability
over time. Trading synchronization delay for an increased probability to
resolve metastability to logical 0 or 1, they do not guarantee success.
We propose a fundamentally different approach: It is possible to contain
metastability by fine-grained logical masking so that it cannot infect the
entire circuit. This technique guarantees a limited degree of metastability
in---and uncertainty about---the output.
At the heart of our approach lies a time- and value-discrete model for
metastability in synchronous clocked digital circuits. Metastability is
propagated in a worst-case fashion, allowing to derive deterministic
guarantees, without and unlike synchronizers. The proposed model permits
positive results and passes the test of reproducing Marino's impossibility
results. We fully classify which functions can be computed by circuits with
standard registers. Regarding masking registers, we show that they become
computationally strictly more powerful with each clock cycle, resulting in a
non-trivial hierarchy of computable functions
Human Auditory cortical processing of changes in interaural correlation
Sensitivity to the similarity of the acoustic waveforms at the two ears, and specifically to changes in similarity, is crucial to auditory scene analysis and extraction of objects from background. Here, we use the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography to investigate the dynamics of cortical processing of changes in interaural correlation, a measure of interaural similarity, and compare them with behavior. Stimuli are interaurally correlated or uncorrelated wideband noise, immediately followed by the same noise with intermediate degrees of interaural correlation. Behaviorally, listeners' sensitivity to changes in interaural correlation is asymmetrical. Listeners are faster and better at detecting transitions from correlated noise than transitions from uncorrelated noise. The cortical response to the change in correlation is characterized by an activation sequence starting from ∼50 ms after change. The strength of this response parallels behavioral performance: auditory cortical mechanisms are much less sensitive to transitions from uncorrelated noise than from correlated noise. In each case, sensitivity increases with interaural correlation difference. Brain responses to transitions from uncorrelated noise lag those from correlated noise by ∼80 ms, which may be the neural correlate of the observed behavioral response time differences. Importantly, we demonstrate differences in location and time course of neural processing: transitions from correlated noise are processed by a distinct neural population, and with greater speed, than transitions from uncorrelated noise
Push-Pull Messaging: a high-performance communication mechanism for commodity SMP clusters
Push-Pull Messaging is a novel messaging mechanism for high-speed interprocess communication in a cluster of symmetric multi-processors (SMP) machines. This messaging mechanism exploits the parallelism in SMP nodes by allowing the execution of communication stages of a messaging event on different processors to achieve maximum performance. Push-Pull Messaging facilitates further improvement on communication performance by employing three optimizing techniques in our design: (1) Cross-Space Zero Buffer provides a unified buffer management mechanism to achieve a copy-less communication for the data transfer among processes within a SMP node. (2) Address Translation Overhead Masking removes the address translation overhead from the critical path in the internode communication. (3) Push-and-Acknowledge Overlapping overlaps the push and acknowledge phases to hide the acknowledge latency. Overall, Push-Pull Messaging effectively utilizes the system resources and improves the communication speed. It has been implemented to support high-speed communication for connecting quad Pentium Pro SMPs with 100 Mbit/s Fast Ethernet.published_or_final_versio
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