28 research outputs found
Efficient algorithms for arbitrary sample rate conversion with application to wave field synthesis
Arbitrary sample rate conversion (ASRC) is used in many fields of digital signal processing to alter the sampling rate of discrete-time signals by arbitrary, potentially time-varying ratios.
This thesis investigates efficient algorithms for ASRC and proposes several improvements. First, closed-form descriptions for the modified Farrow structure and Lagrange interpolators are derived that are directly applicable to algorithm design and analysis. Second, efficient implementation structures for ASRC algorithms are investigated. Third, this thesis considers coefficient design methods that are optimal for a selectable error norm and optional design constraints.
Finally, the performance of different algorithms is compared for several performance metrics. This enables the selection of ASRC algorithms that meet the requirements of an application with minimal complexity.
Wave field synthesis (WFS), a high-quality spatial sound reproduction technique, is the main application considered in this work. For WFS, sophisticated ASRC algorithms improve the quality of moving sound sources. However, the improvements proposed in this thesis are not limited to WFS, but applicable to general-purpose ASRC problems.Verfahren zur unbeschränkten Abtastratenwandlung (arbitrary sample rate
conversion,ASRC) ermöglichen die Änderung der Abtastrate zeitdiskreter
Signale um beliebige, zeitvarianteVerhältnisse. ASRC wird in vielen
Anwendungen digitaler Signalverarbeitung eingesetzt.In dieser Arbeit wird
die Verwendung von ASRC-Verfahren in der Wellenfeldsynthese(WFS), einem
Verfahren zur hochqualitativen, räumlich korrekten Audio-Wiedergabe,
untersucht.Durch ASRC-Algorithmen kann die Wiedergabequalität bewegter
Schallquellenin WFS deutlich verbessert werden. Durch die hohe Zahl der in
einem WFS-Wiedergabesystembenötigten simultanen ASRC-Operationen ist eine
direkte Anwendung hochwertigerAlgorithmen jedoch meist nicht möglich.Zur
Lösung dieses Problems werden verschiedene Beiträge vorgestellt. Die
Komplexitätder WFS-Signalverarbeitung wird durch eine geeignete
Partitionierung der ASRC-Algorithmensignifikant reduziert, welche eine
effiziente Wiederverwendung von Zwischenergebnissenermöglicht. Dies
erlaubt den Einsatz hochqualitativer Algorithmen zur Abtastratenwandlungmit
einer Komplexität, die mit der Anwendung einfacher konventioneller
ASRCAlgorithmenvergleichbar ist. Dieses Partitionierungsschema stellt
jedoch auch zusätzlicheAnforderungen an ASRC-Algorithmen und erfordert
Abwägungen zwischen Performance-Maßen wie der algorithmischen
Komplexität, Speicherbedarf oder -bandbreite.Zur Verbesserung von
Algorithmen und Implementierungsstrukturen für ASRC werdenverschiedene
Maßnahmen vorgeschlagen. Zum Einen werden geschlossene,
analytischeBeschreibungen für den kontinuierlichen Frequenzgang
verschiedener Klassen von ASRCStruktureneingeführt. Insbesondere für
Lagrange-Interpolatoren, die modifizierte Farrow-Struktur sowie
Kombinationen aus Überabtastung und zeitkontinuierlichen
Resampling-Funktionen werden kompakte Darstellungen hergeleitet, die sowohl
Aufschluss über dasVerhalten dieser Filter geben als auch eine direkte
Verwendung in Design-Methoden ermöglichen.Einen zweiten Schwerpunkt bildet
das Koeffizientendesign für diese Strukturen, insbesonderezum optimalen
Entwurf bezüglich einer gewählten Fehlernorm und optionaler
Entwurfsbedingungenund -restriktionen. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Ansätzen
werden solcheoptimalen Entwurfsmethoden auch für mehrstufige
ASRC-Strukturen, welche ganzzahligeÜberabtastung mit zeitkontinuierlichen
Resampling-Funktionen verbinden, vorgestellt.Für diese Klasse von
Strukturen wird eine Reihe angepasster Resampling-Funktionen
vorgeschlagen,welche in Verbindung mit den entwickelten optimalen
Entwurfsmethoden signifikanteQualitätssteigerungen ermöglichen.Die
Vielzahl von ASRC-Strukturen sowie deren Design-Parameter bildet eine
Hauptschwierigkeitbei der Auswahl eines für eine gegebene Anwendung
geeigneten Verfahrens.Evaluation und Performance-Vergleiche bilden daher
einen dritten Schwerpunkt. Dazu wirdzum Einen der Einfluss verschiedener
Entwurfsparameter auf die erzielbare Qualität vonASRC-Algorithmen
untersucht. Zum Anderen wird der benötigte Aufwand bezüglich
verschiedenerPerformance-Metriken in Abhängigkeit von Design-Qualität
dargestellt.Auf diese Weise sind die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit nicht auf WFS
beschränkt, sondernsind in einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen unbeschränkter
Abtastratenwandlung nutzbar
Compensation of fibre impairments in coherent optical systems
Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 201
Advanced OFDM systems for terrestrial multimedia links
Recently, there has been considerable discussion about new wireless technologies and standards able to achieve high data rates. Due to the recent advances of digital signal processing and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technologies, the initial obstacles encountered for the implementation of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation schemes, such as massive complex multiplications and high speed memory accesses, do not exist anymore. OFDM offers strong multipath protection due to the insertion of the guard interval; in particular, the OFDM-based DVB-T standard had proved to offer excellent performance for the broadcasting of multimedia streams with bitrates over ten megabits per second in difficult terrestrial propagation channels, for fixed and portable applications. Nevertheless, for mobile scenarios, improving the receiver design is not enough to achieve error-free transmission especially in presence of deep shadow and multipath fading and some modifications of the standard can be envisaged. To address long and medium range applications like live mobile wireless television production, some further modifications are required to adapt the modulated bandwidth and fully exploit channels up to 24MHz wide. For these reasons, an extended OFDM system is proposed that offers variable bandwidth, improved protection to shadow and multipath fading and enhanced robustness thanks to the insertion of deep time-interleaving coupled with a powerful turbo codes concatenated error correction scheme. The system parameters and the receiver architecture have been described in C++ and verified with extensive simulations. In particular, the study of the receiver algorithms was aimed to achieve the optimal tradeoff between performances and complexity. Moreover, the modulation/demodulation chain has been implemented in VHDL and a prototype system has been manufactured. Ongoing field trials are demonstrating the ability of the proposed system to successfully overcome the impairments due to mobile terrestrial channels, like multipath and shadow fading. For short range applications, Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) is an efficient way to share the radio resource between multiple terminals. The main modulation parameters for a TDM system are discussed and it is shown that the 802.16a TDM OFDM physical layer fulfills the application requirements; some practical examples are given. A pre-distortion method is proposed that exploit the reciprocity of the radio channel to perform a partial channel inversion achieving improved performances with no modifications of existing receivers
Low Latency Audio Processing
PhDLatency in the live audio processing chain has become a concern for audio engineers and
system designers because significant delays can be perceived and may affect synchronisation
of signals, limit interactivity, degrade sound quality and cause acoustic feedback.
In recent years, latency problems have become more severe since audio processing has
become digitised, high-resolution ADCs and DACs are used, complex processing is
performed, and data communication networks are used for audio signal transmission in
conjunction with other traffic types. In many live audio applications, latency thresholds
are bounded by human perceptions. The applications such as music ensembles and live
monitoring require low delay and predictable latency. Current digital audio systems either
have difficulties to achieve or have to trade-off latency with other important audio
processing functionalities.
This thesis investigated the fundamental causes of the latency in a modern digital audio
processing system: group delay, buffering delay, and physical propagation delay and
their associated system components. By studying the time-critical path of a general
audio system, we focus on three main functional blocks that have the significant impact
on overall latency; the high-resolution digital filters in sigma-delta based ADC/DAC,
the operating system to process low latency audio streams, and the audio networking to
transmit audio with flexibility and convergence.
In this work, we formed new theory and methods to reduce latency and accurately predict
latency for group delay. We proposed new scheduling algorithms for the operating
system that is suitable for low latency audio processing. We designed a new system
architecture and new protocols to produce deterministic networking components that
can contribute the overall timing assurance and predictability of live audio processing.
The results are validated by simulations and experimental tests. Also, this bottom-up
approach is aligned with the methodology that could solve the timing problem of general
cyber-physical systems that require the integration of communication, software and
human interactions
Direct digital synthesizers : theory, design and applications
Traditional designs of high bandwidth frequency synthesizers employ the use of a phase-locked-loop (PLL). A direct digital synthesizer (DDS) provides many significant advantages over the PLL approaches. Fast settling time, sub-Hertz frequency resolution, continuous-phase switching response and low phase noise are features easily obtainable in the DDS systems. Although the principle of the DDS has been known for many years, the DDS did not play a dominant role in wideband frequency generation until recent years. Earlier DDSs were limited to produce narrow bands of closely spaced frequencies, due to limitations of digital logic and D/A-converter technologies. Recent advantages in integrated circuit (IC) technologies have brought about remarkable progress in this area. By programming the DDS, adaptive channel bandwidths, modulation formats, frequency hopping and data rates are easily achieved. This is an important step towards a "software-radio" which can be used in various systems. The DDS could be applied in the modulator or demodulator in the communication systems. The applications of DDS are restricted to the modulator in the base station. The aim of this research was to find an optimal front-end for a transmitter by focusing on the circuit implementations of the DDS, but the research also includes the interface to baseband circuitry and system level design aspects of digital communication systems.
The theoretical analysis gives an overview of the functioning of DDS, especially with respect to noise and spurs. Different spur reduction techniques are studied in detail. Four ICs, which were the circuit implementations of the DDS, were designed. One programmable logic device implementation of the CORDIC based quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulator was designed with a separate D/A converter IC. For the realization of these designs some new building blocks, e.g. a new tunable error feedback structure and a novel and more cost-effective digital power ramp generator, were developed.reviewe
WAVEFORM AND TRANSCEIVER OPTIMIZATION FOR MULTI-FUNCTIONAL AIRBORNE RADAR THROUGH ADAPTIVE PROCESSING
Pulse compression techniques have been widely used for target detection and remote sensing. The primary concern for pulse compression is the sidelobe interference. Waveform design is an important method to improve the sidelobe performance. As a multi-functional aircraft platform in aviation safety domain, ADS-B system performs functions involving detection, localization and alerting of external traffic. In this work, a binary phase modulation is introduced to convert the original 1090 MHz ADS-B signal waveform into a radar signal. Both the statistical and deterministic models of new waveform are developed and analyzed. The waveform characterization, optimization and its application are studied in details. An alternative way to achieve low sidelobe levels without trading o range resolution and SNR is the adaptive pulse compression - RMMSE (Reiterative Minimum Mean-Square error). Theoretically, RMMSE is able to suppress the sidelobe level down to the receiver noise floor. However, the application of RMMSE to actual radars and the related implementation issues have not been investigated before. In this work, implementation aspects of RMMSE such as waveform sensitivity, noise immunity and computational complexity are addressed. Results generated by applying RMMSE to both simulated and measured radar data are presented and analyzed. Furthermore, a two-dimensional RMMSE algorithm is derived to mitigate the sidelobe effects from both pulse compression processing and antenna radiation pattern. In addition, to achieve even better control of the sidelobe level, a joint transmit and receive optimization scheme (JTRO) is proposed, which reduces the impacts of HPA nonlinearity and receiver distortion. Experiment results obtained with a Ku-band spaceborne radar transceiver testbed are presented
A Multichannel Measurement System for Room Acoustics Analysis
Tässä työssä käsitellään akustisten impulssivasteiden ja saliakustisten tunnuslukujen mittaukseen ja analysointiin liittyviä menetelmiä ja sovellutuksia.
Työssä esitellään lineaaristen ja aikainvarianttien (LTI-) järjestelmien teoriaa sekä impulssivasteen määrittämiseen soveltuvia menetelmiä.
Lähemmin tarkastellaan MLS (maksimipituussekvenssi) -menetelmän ominaisuuksia ja sovellutuksia.
Työssä perehdytään saliakustisten tunnuslukujen teoriaan ja mittausmenetelmiin.
Lisäksi käsitellään todellisissa impulssivasteissa esiintyvien kohina- ja viivetekijöiden kompensointiin soveltuvia jälkikäsittelymenetelmiä.
Työn osana on suunniteltu ja toteutettu akustisten impulssivasteiden monikanavaiseen mittaukseen ja analysointiin soveltuva Matlab-pohjainen järjestelmä.
Mittausjärjestelmän ratkaisuja ja ominaisuuksia kuvataan ja sen toimintaa arvioidaan eri tavoin testien ja vertailumittausten avulla.
Työssä pohditaan impulssivasteen mittaukseen, suodatukseen ja saliakustisten tunnuslukujen analyysiin liittyviä tekijöitä, keskittyen mittaus- ja analyysimenetelmien käytännön soveltuvuuteen ja rajoituksiin