Sums of Two Generalized Tetrahedral Numbers

Expressing whole numbers as sums of figurate numbers, including tetrahedral numbers, is a longstanding problem in number theory. Pollock's tetrahedral number conjecture states that every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of at most five tetrahedral numbers. Here we explore a generalization of this conjecture to negative indices. We provide a method for computing sums of two generalized tetrahedral numbers up to a given bound, and explore which families of perfect powers can be expressed as sums of two generalized tetrahedral numbers

Log-concavity and LC-positivity

A triangle $\{a(n,k)\}_{0\le k\le n}$ of nonnegative numbers is LC-positive if for each $r$, the sequence of polynomials $\sum_{k=r}^{n}a(n,k)q^k$ is $q$-log-concave. It is double LC-positive if both triangles $\{a(n,k)\}$ and $\{a(n,n-k)\}$ are LC-positive. We show that if $\{a(n,k)\}$ is LC-positive then the log-concavity of the sequence $\{x_k\}$ implies that of the sequence $\{z_n\}$ defined by $z_n=\sum_{k=0}^{n}a(n,k)x_k$, and if $\{a(n,k)\}$ is double LC-positive then the log-concavity of sequences $\{x_k\}$ and $\{y_k\}$ implies that of the sequence $\{z_n\}$ defined by $z_n=\sum_{k=0}^{n}a(n,k)x_ky_{n-k}$. Examples of double LC-positive triangles include the constant triangle and the Pascal triangle. We also give a generalization of a result of Liggett that is used to prove a conjecture of Pemantle on characteristics of negative dependence.Comment: 16 page

A Minimum problem for finite sets of real numbers with non-negative sum

Let $n$ and $r$ be two integers such that $0 < r \le n$; we denote by $\gamma(n,r)$ [$\eta(n,r)$] the minimum [maximum] number of the non-negative partial sums of a sum $\sum_{1=1}^n a_i \ge 0$, where $a_1, \cdots, a_n$ are $n$ real numbers arbitrarily chosen in such a way that $r$ of them are non-negative and the remaining $n-r$ are negative. Inspired by some interesting extremal combinatorial sum problems raised by Manickam, Mikl\"os and Singhi in 1987 \cite{ManMik87} and 1988 \cite{ManSin88} we study the following two problems: \noindent$(P1)$ {\it which are the values of $\gamma(n,r)$ and $\eta(n,r)$ for each $n$ and $r$, $0 < r \le n$?} \noindent$(P2)$ {\it if $q$ is an integer such that $\gamma(n,r) \le q \le \eta(n,r)$, can we find $n$ real numbers $a_1, \cdots, a_n$, such that $r$ of them are non-negative and the remaining $n-r$ are negative with $\sum_{1=1}^n a_i \ge 0$, such that the number of the non-negative sums formed from these numbers is exactly $q$?} \noindent We prove that the solution of the problem $(P1)$ is given by $\gamma(n,r) = 2^{n-1}$ and $\eta(n,r) = 2^n - 2^{n-r}$. We provide a partial result of the latter problem showing that the answer is affirmative for the weighted boolean maps. With respect to the problem $(P2)$ such maps (that we will introduce in the present paper) can be considered a generalization of the multisets $a_1, \cdots, a_n$ with $\sum_{1=1}^n a_i \ge 0$. More precisely we prove that for each $q$ such that $\gamma(n,r) \le q \le \eta(n,r)$ there exists a weighted boolean map having exactly $q$ positive boolean values.Comment: 15 page

Exact Dynamics of the SU(K) Haldane-Shastry Model

The dynamical structure factor $S(q,\omega)$ of the SU(K) (K=2,3,4) Haldane-Shastry model is derived exactly at zero temperature for arbitrary size of the system. The result is interpreted in terms of free quasi-particles which are generalization of spinons in the SU(2) case; the excited states relevant to $S(q,\omega)$ consist of K quasi-particles each of which is characterized by a set of K-1 quantum numbers. Near the boundaries of the region where $S(q,\omega)$ is nonzero, $S(q,\omega)$ shows the power-law singularity. It is found that the divergent singularity occurs only in the lowest edges starting from $(q,\omega) = (0,0)$ toward positive and negative q. The analytic result is checked numerically for finite systems via exact diagonalization and recursion methods.Comment: 35 pages, 3 figures, youngtab.sty (version 1.1

Untwisting information from Heegaard Floer homology

The unknotting number of a knot is the minimum number of crossings one must change to turn that knot into the unknot. We work with a generalization of unknotting number due to Mathieu-Domergue, which we call the untwisting number. The p-untwisting number is the minimum number (over all diagrams of a knot) of full twists on at most 2p strands of a knot, with half of the strands oriented in each direction, necessary to transform that knot into the unknot. In previous work, we showed that the unknotting and untwisting numbers can be arbitrarily different. In this paper, we show that a common route for obstructing low unknotting number, the Montesinos trick, does not generalize to the untwisting number. However, we use a different approach to get conditions on the Heegaard Floer correction terms of the branched double cover of a knot with untwisting number one. This allows us to obstruct several 10 and 11-crossing knots from being unknotted by a single positive or negative twist. We also use the Ozsv\'ath-Szab\'o tau invariant and the Rasmussen s invariant to differentiate between the p- and q-untwisting numbers for certain p,q > 1.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures; final version, accepted for publication in Algebraic & Geometric Topolog

Some Generalizations and Properties of Balancing Numbers

The sequence of balancing numbers admits generalization in two different ways. The first way is through altering coefficients occurring in its binary recurrence sequence and the second way involves modification of its defining equation, thereby allowing more than one gap. The former generalization results in balancing-like numbers that enjoy all important properties of balancing numbers. The second generalization gives rise to gap balancing numbers and for each particular gap, these numbers are realized in multiple sequences. The definition of gap balancing numbers allow further generalization resulting in higher order gap balancing numbers but unlike gap balancing numbers, these numbers are scarce, the existence of these numbers are often doubtful. The balancing zeta function—a variant of Riemann zeta function—permits analytic continuation to the entire complex plane, while the series converges to irrational numbers at odd negative integers. The periods of balancing numbers modulo positive integers exhibits many wonderful properties. It coincides with the modulus of congruence if calculated modulo any power of two. There are three known primes such that the period modulo any one of these primes is equal to the period modulo its square. The sequence of balancing numbers remains stable modulo half of the primes, while modulo other half, the sequence is unstable