Algorithm for Accurate Three-Dimensional Scene Graph Updates in High-Speed Animations of Previously Simulated Construction Operations

Visualization of construction operations is an important technique to communicate the logic of simulation models in detail. Early efforts resulted in a scene graph and frame update algorithm that was capable of converting discrete information from simulation models into smooth and continuous 3D animations. That algorithm did not account for high speed or concurrent animation because the need to do so was not anticipated. Recent advances in computing power and an interest in using the technology for next generation applications now demand accurate high speed and concurrent animations. This article presents the design of the original algorithm at a previously undocumented level of detail and specificity, and that allows for the analysis of its shortcomings when used at high speeds or concurrently with simulation. Two subsequent but still inadequate designs of the algorithm are also presented and analyzed in detail so that they can serve as an illustration of the path toward the final design and place it in proper context. The article concludes with the final design and evaluation of the algorithm, which is accurate at very high animation speeds and supports concurrent animation of simulation models.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73119/1/j.1467-8667.2008.00565.x.pd

Scalable and Extensible Augmented Reality with Applications in Civil Infrastructure Systems.

In Civil Infrastructure System (CIS) applications, the requirement of blending synthetic and physical objects distinguishes Augmented Reality (AR) from other visualization technologies in three aspects: 1) it reinforces the connections between people and objects, and promotes engineers’ appreciation about their working context; 2) It allows engineers to perform field tasks with the awareness of both the physical and synthetic environment; 3) It offsets the significant cost of 3D Model Engineering by including the real world background. The research has successfully overcome several long-standing technical obstacles in AR and investigated technical approaches to address fundamental challenges that prevent the technology from being usefully deployed in CIS applications, such as the alignment of virtual objects with the real environment continuously across time and space; blending of virtual entities with their real background faithfully to create a sustained illusion of co- existence; integrating these methods to a scalable and extensible computing AR framework that is openly accessible to the teaching and research community, and can be readily reused and extended by other researchers and engineers. The research findings have been evaluated in several challenging CIS applications where the potential of having a significant economic and social impact is high. Examples of validation test beds implemented include an AR visual excavator-utility collision avoidance system that enables spotters to ”see” buried utilities hidden under the ground surface, thus helping prevent accidental utility strikes; an AR post-disaster reconnaissance framework that enables building inspectors to rapidly evaluate and quantify structural damage sustained by buildings in seismic events such as earthquakes or blasts; and a tabletop collaborative AR visualization framework that allows multiple users to observe and interact with visual simulations of engineering processes.PHDCivil EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/96145/1/dsuyang_1.pd

A Framework For Process Data Collection, Analysis, And Visualization In Construction Projects

Automated data collection, simulation and visualization can substantially enhance the process of designing, analysis, planning, and control of many engineering processes. In particular, managing processes that are dynamic in nature can significantly benefit from such techniques. Construction projects are good examples of such processes where a variety of equipment and resources constantly interact inside an evolving environment. Management of such settings requires a platform capable of providing decision-makers with updated information about the status of project entities and assisting site personnel making critical decisions under uncertainty. To this end, the current practice of using historical data or expert judgments as static inputs to create empirical formulations, bar chart schedules, and simulation networks to study project activities, resource operations, and the environment under which a project is taking place does not seem to offer reliable results. The presented research investigates the requirements and applicability of a data-driven modeling framework capable of collecting and analyzing real time field data from construction equipment. In the developed data collection scheme, a stream of real time data is continuously transferred to a data analysis module to calculate the input parameters required to create dynamic 3D visualizations of ongoing engineering activities, and update the contents of a discrete event simulation (DES) model representing the real engineering process. The generated data-driven simulation model is iv an effective tool for projecting future progress based on existing performance. Ultimately, the developed framework can be used by project decision-makers for shortterm project planning and control since the resulting simulation and visualization are completely based on the latest status of project entities

ARVISCOPE: Georeferenced Visualization of Dynamic Construction Processes in Three-Dimensional Outdoor Augmented Reality.

Construction processes can be conceived as systems of discrete, interdependent activities. Discrete Event Simulation (DES) has thus evolved as an effective tool to model operations that compete over available resources (personnel, material, and equipment). A DES model has to be verified and validated to ensure that it reflects a modeler’s intentions, and faithfully represents a real operation. 3D visualization is an effective means of achieving this, and facilitating the process of communicating and accrediting simulation results. Visualization of simulated operations has traditionally been achieved in Virtual Reality (VR). In order to create convincing VR animations, detailed information about an operation and the environment has to be obtained. The data must describe the simulated processes, and provide 3D CAD models of project resources, the facility under construction, and the surrounding terrain (Model Engineering). As the size and complexity of an operation increase, such data collection becomes an arduous, impractical, and often impossible task. This directly translates into loss of financial and human resources that could otherwise be productively used. In an effort to remedy this situation, this dissertation proposes an alternate approach of visualizing simulated operations using Augmented Reality (AR) to create mixed views of real existing jobsite facilities and virtual CAD models of construction resources. The application of AR in animating simulated operations has significant potential in reducing the aforementioned Model Engineering and data collection tasks, and at the same time can help in creating visually convincing output that can be effectively communicated. This dissertation presents the design, methodology, and development of ARVISCOPE, a general purpose AR animation authoring language, and ROVER, a mobile computing hardware framework. When used together, ARVISCOPE and ROVER can create three-dimensional AR animations of any length and complexity from the results of running DES models of engineering operations. ARVISCOPE takes advantage of advanced Global Positioning System (GPS) and orientation tracking technologies to accurately track a user’s spatial context, and georeferences superimposed 3D graphics in an augmented environment. In achieving the research objectives, major technical challenges such as accurate registration, automated occlusion handling, and dynamic scene construction and manipulation have been successfully identified and addressed.Ph.D.Civil EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60761/1/abehzada_1.pd

Using Game Engine Technologies for Increasing Cognitive Stimulation and Perceptive Immersion

With the development of more user friendly game engine packages and software, detailed cognitive stimulation of procedural activities has now become easier to develop in virtual reality environments. With packages offering built-in visual editors, the amount of labour hours required for the development of specific applications are reduced. This paper considers the use of computer supported game engine technology to provide location independent comprehension and procedural skills learning for built environment education

BIM Integrated and Reference Process-based Simulation Method for Construction Project Planning

Die Verwendung von Simulationen zur Unterstützung traditioneller Planungsverfahren für Bauprojekte hat viele Vorteile, die in verschiedenen akademischen Forschungen vorgestellt wurden. Viele Anwendungen haben erfolgreich das Potenzial der Simulationsmethode zur Verbesserung der Qualität der Projektplanung demonstriert. Doch eine breite Anwendung der Simulationsmethoden zur Unterstützung der Planung von Bauprojekten konnte sich in der Praxis bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt nicht durchsetzen. Aufgrund einiger großer Hindernisse und Herausforderungen ist der Einsatz im Vergleich zu anderen Branchen noch sehr begrenzt. Die Komplexität sowie die dynamischen Wechselprozesse der unterschiedlichen Bauvorhaben stellen die erste Herausforderung dar.Die Anforderungen machen es sehr schwierig die verschieden Situationen realistisch zu modellieren und das Verhalten von Bauprozessen und die Interaktion mit den zugehörigen Ressourcen für reale Bauvorhaben darzustellen. Das ist einer der Gründe für den Mangel an speziellen Simulationswerkzeugen in der Bauprojektplanung. Die zweite Herausforderung besteht in der großen Menge an Projektinformationen, die in das Simulationsmodell integriert und während des gesamten Lebenszyklus des Projekts angepasst werden müssen. Die Erstellung von Simulationsmodellen, Simulationsszenarien sowie die Analyse und Verifizierung der Simulationsergebnisse ist langwierig. Ad-hoc Simulation sind daher nicht möglich. Zur Erstellung zuverlässiger Simulationsmodelle sind daher umfangreiche Ressourcen und Mitarbeiter mit speziellen Fachwissen erforderlich. Die vorgestellten Herausforderungen verhindern die breite Anwendung der Simulationsmethode zur Unterstützung der Bauprojektplanung und das Einsetzen der Software als wesentlicher Bestandteil des Arbeitsablaufes für die Bauplanung in der Praxis. Die Forschungsarbeit in dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit diesen Herausforderungen durch die Entwicklung eines Ansatzes sowie einer Plattform für die schnelle Aufstellung von Simulationsmodellen für Bauprojekte. Das Hauptziel dieser Forschung ist die Entwicklung eines integrierten und referenzmodellbasierten BIM Simulationsansatz zur Unterstützung der Planung von Bauprojekten und die Möglichkeit der Zusammenarbeit aller am Planungs- und Simulationsprozess beteiligten Akteure. Die erste Herausforderung wird durch die Einführung eines RPM-Konzepts (Reference Process Model) durch die Modellierung von Konstruktionsprozessen unter Verwendung von Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN) angegangen. Der Vorteil der RPM Modelle ist das sie bearbeitet und modifiziert können und dass sie automatisch als einsatzbereite Module in Simulationsmodelle umgewandelt werden können. Die RPM-Modelle enthalten auch Informationen zu Ressourcenanforderungen und andere verwandte Informationen für verschiedene Baubereiche mit unterschiedlichen Detaillierungsgraden. Die Verwendung von BPMN hat den Vorteil, dass die Simulationsmodellierung für das Projektteam, einschließlich derjenigen, die sich nicht mit der Simulation auskennen, flexibler, interoperabler und verständlicher ist. Bei diesem Ansatz ist die Modellierung von Referenzprozessmodellen vollständig von den Simulationskernkomponenten getrennt, um das Simulations-Toolkit generisch und erweiterbar für verschiedenste Konstruktionsbereiche wie Gebäude und Brücken. Der vorgestellte Forschungsansatz unterstützt die kontinuierliche Anwendung von Simulationsmodellen während des gesamten Projektlebenszyklus. Die Simulationsmodelle, die zur Unterstützung der Planung in der frühen Entwurfsphase erstellt werden, können von Simulationsexperten während der gesamten Planungs- und Bauphase weiter ausgebaut und aktualisiert werden. Die zweite Herausforderung wird durch die direkte Integration der Building Information Modeling (BIM) -Methode in die Simulationsmodellierung auf der Grundlage des Industry Foundation Classes-IFC (ISO 16739) , dem am häufigsten verwendeten BIM-Austauschformat, angegangen. Da die BIM-Modelle einen wichtigen Teil der Eingabeinformationen von Simulationsmodellen enthalten, können sie als Grundlage für die Visualisierung von Ergebnissen in Form von 4D-BIM-Modellen verwendet werden. Diese Integration ermöglicht die schnelle und automatische Filterung und Extraktion sowie die Umwandlung notwendiger Informationen aus BIM Entwurf-Modellen. Um die Erstellung detaillierter Projektmodelle zu beschleunigen, wurde eine spezielle Methode für die halbautomatische Top-Down-Detaillierung von Projektstammmodelle entwickelt, die notwendige Eingangsdaten für die Simulationsmodelle sind. Diese Methode bietet den Vorteil, dass Konstruktionsalternativen mit minimalen Änderungen am Simulationsmodell untersucht werden können. Der entwickelte Ansatz wurde als Software- Prototyp in Form eines modularen Construction Simulation Toolkit (CST) basierend auf der Discrete Event Simulation (DES)- Methode und eines Collaboration- Webportals (ProSIM) zum Verwalten von Simulationsmodellen implementiert. Die so eingebettete Simulation ermöglicht mit minimalen Änderungen die Bewertung von Entwurfsalternativen und Konstruktionsmethoden auf den Bauablauf. Produktions- und Logistiksvorgänge können gleichzeitig in einer einheitlichen Umgebung simuliert werden und berücksichtigen die gemeinsam genutzten Ressourcen und die Interaktion zwischen Produktions- und Logistikaktivitäten. Es berücksichtigt auch die Änderungen im Baustellenlayout während der Konstruktionsphase. Die Verifizierung und Validierung des vorgeschlagenen Ansatzes wird durch verschiedene hypothetische und reale Bauprojekten durchgeführt.:1 Introduction: motivation, problem statement and objectives 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Thesis Structure 2 Definitions, Related work and background information 2.1 Simulation definition 2.2 Simulation system definition 2.3 Discrete Event Simulation 2.5 How simulation works 2.6 Workflow of simulation study 2.7 Related work 2.8 Traditional construction planning methods 2.8.1 Gantt chart 2.8.2 Critical Path Method (CPM) 2.8.3 Linear scheduling method/Location-based scheduling 2.9 Business Process Model and Notation 2.10Workflow patterns 2.10.1 Supported Control Flow Patterns 3 Reference Process-based Simulation Approach 3.1 Reference Process-based simulation approach 3.2 Reference Process Models 3.3 Reference process model for single task 3.4 Reference process models for complex activities 3.5 Process Pool 3.6 Top-down automatic detailing of project schedules 3.7 Simulation model formalism 3.8 Fundamental design concepts and application scope 4 Data Integration between simulation and construction Project models 4.1 Data integration between BIM models and simulation models 4.1.1 Transformation of IFC models to Graph models 4.1.2 Checking BIM model quality 4.1.3 Filtering of BIM models 4.1.4 Semantic enrichment of BIM models 4.1.5 Reference process models and BIM models 4.2 Reference Process Models and resources models 4.3 Process models and productivity factors 5 Construction Simulation Toolkit 5.1 System architecture and implementation 5.2 Basic steps to create a CST simulation model 5.3 CST Simulation components 5.3.1 Input components 5.3.2 Process components 5.3.3 Output components 5.3.4 Logistic components 5.3.5 Collaboration platform ProSIM 6 Case Studies and Validation 6.1 Verification and Validation of Simulation Models 6.2 Verification and validation techniques for simulation models 6.3 Case study 1: generic planning model 6.4 Case study 2: high rise building 6.4.1 Scenario I: effect of changing number of workers on structural work duration 6.4.2 Scenario II: simulation of structural work on operation level 6.4.3 Scenario III: automatic generation of detailed project schedule 6.5 Case study 3: airport terminal building 6.5.1 Multimodel Container 6.5.2 Scenario I: automatic generation of detailed project schedule 6.5.3 Scenario II: Find the minimal project duration 6.5.4 Scenario III: construction work for a single floor 7 Conclusions and Future Research 7.1 Conclusions 7.2 Outlook of the possible future research topics 7.2.1 Integration with real data collecting 7.2.2 Multi-criteria optimisation 7.2.3 Extend the control-flow and resource patterns 7.2.4 Consideration of further structure domains 7.2.5 Considering of space allocation and space conflicts 8 Appendix - Scripts 9 Appendix B - Reference Process Models 9.1 Reference Process Models for structural work 9.1.1 Wall 9.1.2 Roof 9.1.3 Foundations 9.1.4 Concrete work 9.1.5 Top-Down RPMs for structural work in a work section 10 Appendix E 10.1 Basic elements of simulation models in Plant Simulation 10.2 Material Flow Objects 11 ReferencesUsing simulation to support construction project planning has many advantages, which have been presented in various academic researches. Many applications have successfully demonstrated the potential of using simulation to improve the quality of construction project planning. However, the wide adoption of simulation has not been achieved in practice yet. It still has very limited use compared with other industries due to some major obstacles and challenges. The first challenge is the complexity of construction processes and projects planning methods, which make it very difficult to develop realistic simulation models of construction processes and represent their dynamic behavior and the interaction with project resources. This led to lack of special simulation tools for construction project planning. The second challenge is the huge amount of project information that has to be integrated into the simulation model and to be maintained throughout the design, planning and construction phases. The preparation of ad-hoc simulation models and setting up different scenarios and verification of simulation results usually takes a long time. Therefore, creating reliable simulation models requires extensive resources with advanced skills. The presented challenges prevent the wide application of simulation techniques to support and improve construction project planning and adopt it as an essential part of the construction planning workflow in practice. The research work in this thesis addresses these challenges by developing an approach and platform for rapid development of simulation models for construction projects. The main objective of this research is to develop a BIM integrated and reference process-based simulation approach to support planning of construction projects and to enable collaboration among all actors involved in the planning and simulation process. The first challenge has been addressed through the development of a construction simulation toolkit and the Reference Process Model (RPM) method for modelling construction processes for production and logistics using Business Process Modelling and Notation (BPMN). The RPM models are easy to understood also by non-experts and they can be transformed automatically into simulation models as ready-to-use modules. They describe the workflow and logic of construction processes and include information about duration, resource requirements and other related information for different construction domains with different levels of details. The use of BPMN has many advantages. It enables the understanding of how simulation models work by project teams, including those who are not experts in simulation. In this approach, the modelling of Reference Process Models is totally separated from the simulation core components. In this way, the simulation toolkit is generic and extendable for various construction types such as buildings, bridges and different construction domains such as structural work and indoor operations. The presented approach supports continuous adoption of simulation models throughout the whole project life cycle. The simulation model which supports project planning in the early design phase can be continuously extended with more detailed RPMs and updated information through the planning and construction phases. The second challenge has been addressed by supporting direct integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) method with the simulation modelling based on the Industry Foundation Classes IFC (ISO 16739) standard, which is the most common and only ISO standard used for exchanging BIM models. As the BIM models contain the biggest part of the input information of simulation models and they can be used for effective visualization of results in the form of animated 4D BIM models. The integration between BIM and simulation enables fast and semi-automatic filtering, extraction and transformation of the necessary information from BIM models for both design and construction site models. In addition, a special top-down semi-automatic detailing method was developed in order to accelerate the process of preparing detailed project schedules, which are essential input data for the simulation models and hence reduce the time and efforts needed to create simulation models. The developed approach has been implemented as a software prototype in the form of a modular Construction Simulation Toolkit (CST) based on the Discrete Event Simulation (DES) method and an online collaboration web portal 'ProSIM' for managing simulation models. The collaboration portal helps to overcome the problem of huge information and make simulation models accessible for non simulation experts. Simulation models created by CST toolkit facilitate the evaluation of design alternatives and construction methods with minimal changes in the simulation model. Both production and logistic operations can be simulated at the same time in a unified environment and take into account the shared resources and the interaction between production and logistic activities. It also takes into account the dynamic nature of construction projects and hence the changes in the construction site layout during the construction phase. The verification and validation of the proposed approach is carried out through various academic and real construction project case studies.:1 Introduction: motivation, problem statement and objectives 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Thesis Structure 2 Definitions, Related work and background information 2.1 Simulation definition 2.2 Simulation system definition 2.3 Discrete Event Simulation 2.5 How simulation works 2.6 Workflow of simulation study 2.7 Related work 2.8 Traditional construction planning methods 2.8.1 Gantt chart 2.8.2 Critical Path Method (CPM) 2.8.3 Linear scheduling method/Location-based scheduling 2.9 Business Process Model and Notation 2.10Workflow patterns 2.10.1 Supported Control Flow Patterns 3 Reference Process-based Simulation Approach 3.1 Reference Process-based simulation approach 3.2 Reference Process Models 3.3 Reference process model for single task 3.4 Reference process models for complex activities 3.5 Process Pool 3.6 Top-down automatic detailing of project schedules 3.7 Simulation model formalism 3.8 Fundamental design concepts and application scope 4 Data Integration between simulation and construction Project models 4.1 Data integration between BIM models and simulation models 4.1.1 Transformation of IFC models to Graph models 4.1.2 Checking BIM model quality 4.1.3 Filtering of BIM models 4.1.4 Semantic enrichment of BIM models 4.1.5 Reference process models and BIM models 4.2 Reference Process Models and resources models 4.3 Process models and productivity factors 5 Construction Simulation Toolkit 5.1 System architecture and implementation 5.2 Basic steps to create a CST simulation model 5.3 CST Simulation components 5.3.1 Input components 5.3.2 Process components 5.3.3 Output components 5.3.4 Logistic components 5.3.5 Collaboration platform ProSIM 6 Case Studies and Validation 6.1 Verification and Validation of Simulation Models 6.2 Verification and validation techniques for simulation models 6.3 Case study 1: generic planning model 6.4 Case study 2: high rise building 6.4.1 Scenario I: effect of changing number of workers on structural work duration 6.4.2 Scenario II: simulation of structural work on operation level 6.4.3 Scenario III: automatic generation of detailed project schedule 6.5 Case study 3: airport terminal building 6.5.1 Multimodel Container 6.5.2 Scenario I: automatic generation of detailed project schedule 6.5.3 Scenario II: Find the minimal project duration 6.5.4 Scenario III: construction work for a single floor 7 Conclusions and Future Research 7.1 Conclusions 7.2 Outlook of the possible future research topics 7.2.1 Integration with real data collecting 7.2.2 Multi-criteria optimisation 7.2.3 Extend the control-flow and resource patterns 7.2.4 Consideration of further structure domains 7.2.5 Considering of space allocation and space conflicts 8 Appendix - Scripts 9 Appendix B - Reference Process Models 9.1 Reference Process Models for structural work 9.1.1 Wall 9.1.2 Roof 9.1.3 Foundations 9.1.4 Concrete work 9.1.5 Top-Down RPMs for structural work in a work section 10 Appendix E 10.1 Basic elements of simulation models in Plant Simulation 10.2 Material Flow Objects 11 Reference

Animation or Cartoons: An American Dilemma

This project attempts to elucidate the connection between animation and preconceptions about appropriate age demographics in the United States. It endeavors to demonstrate that animation has primarily remained a children’s medium because of contingent contextual factors, rather than elements inherent to the medium, and that its evolution over time is proof of its merits as a medium. Through an exploration of the Golden Age of animation between the late 1930s and the late 1950s, as well as an exploration of animation between 1988 and the present, it uses various examples within film, television, and theatrical shorts to show limitations placed on the medium. These limitations caused the medium to be marketed towards children and to be perceived as being only for children, creating a paradigm in which more mature explorations were infrequent. Both the preconceptions and the consequences of the contextual factors that caused this remain to this day, but American animation’s history has provided evidence that these strictures are not inescapable

A Review of Building Information Modeling and Simulation as Virtual Representations Under the Digital Twin Concept

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a highly promising technique for achieving digitalization in the construction industry, widely used in modern construction projects for digitally representing facilities. Nevertheless, retains limitations in terms of representing construction operations. The digital twin concept may potentially overcome these limitations and initiate advanced digital transformation in the construction industry as it has revolutionized the product lifecycle management in the manufacturing industry. This research provides a critical review of applying digital twin in the construction industry. Altogether, 140 papers from related journals and databases were reviewed. The digital aspect of twinning consists of BIM and simulation modeling. These two techniques have been used to create virtual or digital representations of actual buildings and real-world construction processes. However, integrating and applying BIM and simulation modeling according to the digital twin concept remains to be fully studied. Comprehensive evaluations of BIM, simulation modeling, and digital twin will provide a well-defined framework for this research, to identify direction and potential for digital twin in the construction industry, thereby progressing to the next level of digitalization and improvement in construction management practice

A report on an Arts Administration internship with the New Orleans Film Festival, New Orleans, Louisiana, summer 2001

This paper comes from 180 hours of internship with the New Orleans Film Festival in Orleans Parish, New Orleans, Louisiana. During those hours of involvement with this organization, I focused on the competitive division of the festival that was then known as Cinema 16. In the course of events, questions arose concerning the issue of board involvement in the Cinema 16 jury process and the board\u27s administrative responsibilities. As it is with all human enterprise, there also is a continuously evolving attempt to improve methods. In the NOFF\u27s case there is an attempt to improve the judging of the entries. What should be the board\u27s role in that process? Cinema 16 should breathe life into the creative aspirations of fledgling filmmaker\u27s near and far. Does the New Orleans Fum Festival do all it can to make this a reality by vigorously marketing the selected films? Memberships became a focus when the disparity between the number of members in prior years and the number in 2001 appeared large. There were approximately 350 memberships in August of 2001, compared to 600 in 1999. There appeared to be a direct correlation between the number of memberships and mail-outs to the public. What other methods could be utilized to increase their numbers? Information is power. Answers to such questions would put the festival in the position of being proactive by giving them opportunity to further fulfill their mission as well as the capability to bring in more funds to continue their work. Time was given to exploring a university population as a viable market for new memberships. The staff shed light on the need for more services to offer prospective members. These major issues served to fulfill the purpose of the internship by opening up opportunities for experience in a nonprofit arts organization. The experience in its entirety brought to light the film festival\u27s impact on the concept that film is a credible art form celebrated by individuals everywhere. This paper should highlight the importance of the various processes, not only in giving that organization credibility but also in aiding it in making the impact it wishes to on its immediate and global community