19,184 research outputs found
An Overview of Schema Theory
The purpose of this paper is to give an introduction to the field of Schema
Theory written by a mathematician and for mathematicians. In particular, we
endeavor to to highlight areas of the field which might be of interest to a
mathematician, to point out some related open problems, and to suggest some
large-scale projects. Schema theory seeks to give a theoretical justification
for the efficacy of the field of genetic algorithms, so readers who have
studied genetic algorithms stand to gain the most from this paper. However,
nothing beyond basic probability theory is assumed of the reader, and for this
reason we write in a fairly informal style.
Because the mathematics behind the theorems in schema theory is relatively
elementary, we focus more on the motivation and philosophy. Many of these
results have been proven elsewhere, so this paper is designed to serve a
primarily expository role. We attempt to cast known results in a new light,
which makes the suggested future directions natural. This involves devoting a
substantial amount of time to the history of the field.
We hope that this exposition will entice some mathematicians to do research
in this area, that it will serve as a road map for researchers new to the
field, and that it will help explain how schema theory developed. Furthermore,
we hope that the results collected in this document will serve as a useful
reference. Finally, as far as the author knows, the questions raised in the
final section are new.Comment: 27 pages. Originally written in 2009 and hosted on my website, I've
decided to put it on the arXiv as a more permanent home. The paper is
primarily expository, so I don't really know where to submit it, but perhaps
one day I will find an appropriate journa
Fluctuation Theorems
Fluctuation theorems, which have been developed over the past 15 years, have
resulted in fundamental breakthroughs in our understanding of how
irreversibility emerges from reversible dynamics, and have provided new
statistical mechanical relationships for free energy changes. They describe the
statistical fluctuations in time-averaged properties of many-particle systems
such as fluids driven to nonequilibrium states, and provide some of the very
few analytical expressions that describe nonequilibrium states. Quantitative
predictions on fluctuations in small systems that are monitored over short
periods can also be made, and therefore the fluctuation theorems allow
thermodynamic concepts to be extended to apply to finite systems. For this
reason, fluctuation theorems are anticipated to play an important role in the
design of nanotechnological devices and in understanding biological processes.
These theorems, their physical significance and results for experimental and
model systems are discussed.Comment: A review, submitted to Annual Reviews in Physical Chemistry, July
2007 Acknowledgements corrected in revisio
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