Eye movements in surgery: A literature review

With recent advances in eye tracking technology, it is now possible to track surgeons’ eye movements while engaged in a surgical task or when surgical residents practice their surgical skills. Several studies have compared eye movements of surgical experts and novices, developed techniques to assess surgical skill on the basis of eye movements, and examined the role of eye movements in surgical training. We here provide an overview of these studies with a focus on the methodological aspects. We conclude that the different studies of eye movements in surgery suggest that the recording of eye movements may be beneficial both for skill assessment and training purposes, although more research will be needed in this field

Persuasiveness of social robot ‘Nao’ based on gaze and proximity

Social Robots have widely infiltrated the retail and public space. Mainly, social robots are being utilized across a wide range of scenarios to influence decision making, disseminate information, and act as a signage mechanism, under the umbrella of Persuasive Robots or Persuasive Technology. While there have been several studies in the afore-mentioned area, the effect of non-verbal behaviour on persuasive abilities is generally unexplored. Therefore, in this research, we report whether two key non-verbal attributes, namely proximity and gaze, can elicit persuasively, compliance, and specific personality appeals. For this, we conducted a 2 (eye gaze) x 2 (proximity) between-subjects experiment where participants viewed a video-based scenario of the Nao robot. Our initial results did not reveal any significant results based on the non-verbal attributes. However, perceived compliance and persuasion were significantly correlated with knowledge, responsiveness, and trustworthiness. In conclusion, we discuss how the design of a robot could make it more convincing as extensive marketing and brand promotion companies could use robots to enhance their advertisement operations

State of the art: Eye-tracking studies in medical imaging

Eye-tracking – the process of measuring where people look in a visual field – has been widely used to study how humans process visual information. In medical imaging, eye-tracking has become a popular technique in many applications to reveal how visual search and recognition tasks are performed, providing information that can improve human performance. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of eye-tracking studies conducted with medical images and videos for diverse research purposes, including identification of degree of expertise, development of training, and understanding and modelling of visual search patterns. In addition, we present our recent eye-tracking study that involves a large number of screening mammograms viewed by experienced breast radiologists. Based on the eye-tracking data, we evaluate the plausibility of predicting visual attention by computational models

The Quiet Eye: Reply to sixteen commentaries

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Youtube, Dr, Pimple Popper, and the Human Body

Pimple poppers around the world rejoice at the Youtube series, Dr. Pimple Popper, where they can experience a range of different ways to pop something out of the skin. A highly popular series that features videos of Dr. Sandra Lee, a certified medical dermatologist, who squeezes and cuts open cysts, lipomas, and any other forms of degenerative skin conditions. These videos are taken by her medical assistants, while she performs surgeries on her patients. Dr. Lee has gained a mass following as her views and subscriptions surpass a million. The popularity of her channel demonstrates validity of a research topic, as many speculations can be made about this channel’s popular appeal. This channel is a media and communications topic, while integrating other academic fields, as it transcends into symbolic constructions and perceptions of what is a clean human body. The perception of the human body has historically been abstractified and critiqued as a medium of interpretation or as a tool to execute systemic power. Now, we must ponder the current interpretation of the human body, as it becomes the focus of a popular Youtube series. This postulation can be explored through Michel Foucault’s medical gaze theory and Mary Douglas’s cultural theory on dirt. The utilization of anthropological and philosophical theories, applied to Dr. Pimple Popper, can give us answers about how Dr. Lee’s patients are affecting the way viewers make sense of their own bodies through visually graphic material

Quiet Eye research – Joan Vickers on target

In this target article (TA; CISS2016_100), Joan Vickers gives an overview of 20 years of research on her discovery that a relatively long lasting fixation before movement initiation enhances complex-motor performance, the so-called Quiet Eye (QE) phenomenon. Vickers’ main article (CISS2016_101) is the focus of sixteen peer commentaries (CISS2016_102 – CISS2016_117), authored by sport scientists with a special focus on the QE (Causer; Farrow & Panchuk; Klostermann, Vater & Kredel; Mann, Wright & Janelle; Schorer, Tirp & Rienhoff; Williams; Wilson, Wood & Vine), by sport scientists with different research foci (Baker & Wattie; Davids & Araujo; Frank & Schack; Helsen, Levin, Ziv & Davare; Rodrigues & Navarro), and by experts in human perception from disciplines beyond sport science (Foulsham; Gegenfurtner & Szulewski; Spering & Schütz; Watson & Enns). Finally, critiques, suggestions, and extensions brought forward by the commentators are acknowledged by Vickers in her closing response (CISS2016_118)

Adult Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Social Presence in Facilitator-Created Subject- Specific Videos in an Online Nursing Course

The literature established that online instruction consists of cognitive, teaching, and social presence. Studies on the element of social presence linked text-based delivery of instruction with learners’ feelings of isolation and disengagement. This research findings prompted this facilitator creation of five-to-seven-minute companion videos that aligned and complemented weekly text-based learning modules to ascertain students’ perceptions of these videos as a medium for channeling social presence. Post-video viewing surveys yielded responses to pragmatic and emotional questions. Pragmatic questions were aimed at the visual impact of professor’s delivery of information. Emotional questions gauged the students’ feelings of connectivity with the facilitator. Triangulated interpretations of student responses showed that students perceived that the videos enhanced social presence by decreasing feelings of isolation in their online course. Key results included the feeling of a real classroom and appreciation of the visuality of the videos. The viewed videos supported affective associations, learner cohesion, interaction intensity, instructor involvement, and active learning. The videos helped draw the students from their inner secluded online environment to the outside world. The research includes recommendation of the use of a larger sample size; online facilitator theatrical training, college budget to include production of video funds for further quality video productions, and video cataloging of facilitator-created subject- specific videos

Try To See It My Way: Patient Perspective Video Capture Debriefing in Simulation

Video capture of simulation provides observation from a wide-angle view. This study introduced a new technique, “patient-perspective” video capture, using a camera mounted into eyeglasses allowing learners to view their nonverbal and verbal communication through the patient’s eyes and to compare this to the wide-angle view. The participants (n = 29) were Nurse Practitioner students. The majority were female (93.2%), with a mean age of 36.8, SD = 12.31. The sample consisted of Millennials (65.6%), Generation Xers (13.8%), and Baby Boomers (20.7%). The average number of years of nursing practice was 9.89. Instruments measured demographics, five domains of patient-centered care (PCC), and participant’s comparison of wide-angle and patient-perspective video capture. Analysis revealed significant differences between age groups in post-video perceptions of PCC domains, Interest in Patient Agenda x2(2) = 7.183, p = 0.028, and Patient Involvement in Care x2(2) = 8.084, p = 0.018. Post hoc analysis for both domains indicated the significance was between Baby Boomers and Millennials (U = 16.500, z = -2.597, p = 0.009; U = 15.500, z = -2.653, p = 0.008, respectively). A significant difference was found between post-video perception of Patient Involvement in Care based on Years of Nursing Practice, x2(2) = 8.874, p = 0.012. Post hoc test indicated the significant difference was between nurses with 1 to 5 years and 6 to 10 years (U = 17.500, z = -2.441, p = 0.015), and nurses with 1 to 5 years of practice and 11 or more years (U = 15.500, z = -2.593, p = 0.010). Participants identified benefits of both video capture techniques but found patient-perspective video more insightful for provider communication. Patient-perspective video capture enhances the debriefing experience and the reflective process regarding patient-provider communication