Breast Cancer Forecasting Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Some of the most prevalent and significant causes for malignancies in women is breast cancer. It is presently a widespread health problem, and it has recently become more frequent. The greatest method for managing breast cancer symptoms is early identification. The only kind of cancer that primarily affects women globally is breast cancer, which has the potential to be a major cause of mortality. Early detection of breast cancer is crucial in order to properly treat it and save many lives. This paper covers the results and analyses of several machine learning algorithms for identifying breast cancer. Several machine learning models used the information once it was analyzed. In this paper the Random forests and SVCalgorithms were applied and compare the performance of these algorithms. The dataset was taken from UCI repository. Analyze and compare the classifiers' performance in terms of accuracy, precision, and f1-Score in addition. For implementing the ML algorithms, the dataset was split among training and testing phases. The notebook application Jupyter was used to implement these models. When compared to the other two models, it was successfully proven that the SVC model offers the best results. SVC's accuracy of 93% is greater than the method described earlier in that regard. The method used by this model, which will classify cancer into benign and malignant categories, yields the best results

The role of iRhom2 in the pathogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC)

It has been proposed that the Notch signalling pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). It has also been shown that the sheddase, ADAM17, whose intracellular trafficking and subsequent maturation is dependent on iRhom2, is key in the activation of the Notch pathway at the cell membrane, leading to the release of an intracellular domain for downstream activities. This thesis investigates the levels and distribution of iRhom2 and ADAM17 in HNSCC, and functional changes resulting from up-regulation of iRhom2 in HNSCC cell lines. Immunoblotting, using protein samples extracted from fresh, snap-frozen tissues (68 HNSCC and 27 paired normal tissues), and probing for iRhom2 identified relatively high expression levels of this protein in 43/68 tumour samples compared to 5/27 normal samples (p<0.05). Similar observations were obtained for ADAM17 expression, with high expression in 27/68 tumour samples compared to 4/27 normal samples (P<0.05). A positive correlation was observed between levels of expressions of iRhom2 and ADAM17 in these tissues (though not statistically significant), but only iRhom2 expression correlated with patient survival (p<0.05). Non-correlation of iRhom2 expression with other clinicopathological features was perhaps due to the relatively small number of samples investigated. Using a different cohort of HNSCC tissues, we also assessed levels of iRhom2 and ADAM17 and their intracellular distribution using tissue microarray (TMA) approach. Western blot results could not be corroborated with this methodology, given that most of the tissues stained negative for iRhom2, and 76/88 stained “highly positive” for ADAM17, with no observable specificity with ADAM17 staining pattern. Up-regulation of iRhom2 was achieved in the HNSCC cell lines, PE/CA-PJ15 and LIV37K; and in NOK (normal oral keratinocyte) cells and was, followed by shRNA knock-down of RHBDF2 (which codes for iRhom2). No observable differences were observed in the rate of cell replication when comparing wild-type, over-expressing and knock-down clones across each of the cell lines. However, a higher rate of cell migration was demonstrated in association with iRhom2 up-regulation, more in the HNSCC cell lines than the NOK. This higher rate of migration was shown to be reversed by the shRNA knock-down of RHBDF2, demonstrating that it is increased iRhom2 that is causative. Furthermore, a significant increase in the level of expression of mature ADAM17 was observed, following upregulation of iRhom2. iRhom2 and ADAM17 are both up-regulated in HNSCC, with up-regulation of iRhom2 associated with increased cell migration and decreased patient survival. Further experiments should aim to address whether it is the increased ADAM17 expression / activity and / or Notch activity that is the downstream effector of the observed effects. If will be important to expand the cohort of samples and cell lines used for this study to further validate the present findings, while also optimising some of the aspects that have not achieved significant results

Texture Analysis Platform for Imaging Biomarker Research

abstract: The rate of progress in improving survival of patients with solid tumors is slow due to late stage diagnosis and poor tumor characterization processes that fail to effectively reflect the nature of tumor before treatment or the subsequent change in its dynamics because of treatment. Further advancement of targeted therapies relies on advancements in biomarker research. In the context of solid tumors, bio-specimen samples such as biopsies serve as the main source of biomarkers used in the treatment and monitoring of cancer, even though biopsy samples are susceptible to sampling error and more importantly, are local and offer a narrow temporal scope. Because of its established role in cancer care and its non-invasive nature imaging offers the potential to complement the findings of cancer biology. Over the past decade, a compelling body of literature has emerged suggesting a more pivotal role for imaging in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of diseases. These advances have facilitated the rise of an emerging practice known as Radiomics: the extraction and analysis of large numbers of quantitative features from medical images to improve disease characterization and prediction of outcome. It has been suggested that radiomics can contribute to biomarker discovery by detecting imaging traits that are complementary or interchangeable with other markers. This thesis seeks further advancement of imaging biomarker discovery. This research unfolds over two aims: I) developing a comprehensive methodological pipeline for converting diagnostic imaging data into mineable sources of information, and II) investigating the utility of imaging data in clinical diagnostic applications. Four validation studies were conducted using the radiomics pipeline developed in aim I. These studies had the following goals: (1 distinguishing between benign and malignant head and neck lesions (2) differentiating benign and malignant breast cancers, (3) predicting the status of Human Papillomavirus in head and neck cancers, and (4) predicting neuropsychological performances as they relate to Alzheimer’s disease progression. The long-term objective of this thesis is to improve patient outcome and survival by facilitating incorporation of routine care imaging data into decision making processes.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Biomedical Informatics 201

Schizophrenia and apolipoprotein: a 10-year bibliometric analysis

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a chronic and complex mental disorder that significantly impacts one’s quality of life. The expansion of proteomic studies over the past decade offers a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the formulation of a protein targeted therapeutic approach. This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis on the role of apolipoprotein as a biomarker in schizophrenia to provide a summary of its chronicle, present state and to identify potential future research directions. Materials and method: Publications on the association between schizophrenia and apolipoprotein were retrieved from the Scopus database using the search terms “schizophrenia” and “apolipoprotein”. Only original or review articles in English published between 2013 and 2023 were included. The bibliometric analysis was carried out using the R software packages Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny. Results: The filtered search identified 89 documents (80 original articles and 9 review articles) that generally showed an increasing trend with an annual growth rate of 10.31 percent. There were 580 authors that contributed to this field, with an average of eight to nine people co-authoring each paper. Altogether, 64 journals contributed to this field, with Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Frontiers in Psychiatry, and Translational Psychiatry being the three most productive. China leads in scientific production, followed by the Netherlands and the United States. In terms of country collaboration, the United Kingdom and Germany had the highest level of collaboration. The important keywords in the clusters were schizophrenia, biomarkers, proteomics, apolipoprotein E, antipsychotic drugs, bipolar disorder, and obesity. According to the thematic evolution analysis, apolipoprotein E has been frequently discussed and associated with schizophrenia and antipsychotic drugs. Conclusion: The association between schizophrenia and apolipoprotein has grown in significance over the past decade. Our findings highlight the potential role of apolipoprotein E in the establishment of schizophrenia and warrant further exploration

Oral Cancer

Oral cancer is a common disease with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Despite technological advancements in diagnosis and treatment, the five-year survival rate is low. Researchers worldwide are attempting to identify new and novel methods for early diagnosis and better treatment of oral cancer to improve survival rate and quality of life post recovery. This book examines current concepts in oral cancer and emphasizes future perspectives for diagnosis and treatment of disease for better clinical outcomes and patient care

Colorectal Cancers: From Present Problems to Future Solutions

The scientific community has made significant progress in our molecular understanding of sporadic and hereditary colorectal carcinogenesis and progression. Thie pertains to, e.g., the discovery of (mutated) oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, microsatellite instabilities, modifications in DNA repair, cellular aging, signaling cascades, genomic, epigenetic, transcriptional, translational, and protein modifications, as well as microbiotic factors and further parameters. Progression and metastasis have been more intensively studied, especially during recent years, leading to an intensified knowledge on molecular protagonists and microenvironmental interactions contributing to invasion, dissemination, and metastasis; still, more concerted efforts need to be made to better understand issues such as metastasis to different sites or the metastatic heterogeneity of single cells. Nevertheless, based on actual discoveries, personalized medicine, together with highly interdisciplinary therapeutic strategies combining advanced levels of surgical techniques, oncology, and radiation in neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or palliative settings, has started to improve the clinical prognosis of individual patients with colorectal cancer. The present Special Issue features articles of excellent international experts with the latest data in the fields mentioned. With this Special Issue, we aim to deepen discussions amongst colleagues in all kinds of disciplines working on this disease and to intensify interdisciplinary collaborations aimed at an ultimate understanding of strategies to defeat and prevent, colorectal cancer, and its progression