Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-28 from 2005 to 2050: GAINS model methodology

This report presents the GAINS model methodology for the 2016 Reference scenario for emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs), mitigation potentials and costs in the EU-28 with projections to 2050. The non-CO2 emission scenarios form part of the work under the EUCLIMIT2 project1. The project aims at producing projections for all emissions of GHGs in the EU-28 consistent with the macroeconomic and population projections presented in EC/DG ECFIN (2015). Four modelling groups were involved in the work: PRIMES (National Technical University of Athens), CAPRI (Bonn University), GLOBIOM (IIASA-ESM program) and GAINS (IIASA-MAG program). This report focuses on describing the methodology of the GAINS model for the estimation of the non-CO2 GHGs, i.e., methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (F-gases) viz. hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The report is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the general GAINS methodology for estimating draft non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions for EU-28. Sections 3, 4 and 5 describe in detail the methodology applied for estimation of emissions by source for CH4, N2O and Fgases, respectively. Finally, Section 6 provides a comparison between emissions reported by member states to the UNFCCC for years 2005 and 2010 and the emissions estimated by the GAINS model for the same years

Systems-level design of ion transport membrane oxy-combustion power plants

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 187-192).Oxy-fuel combustion, particularly using an integrated oxygen ion transport membrane (ITM), is a thermodynamically attractive concept that seeks to mitigate the penalties associated with CO 2 capture from power plants. Oxygen separation in an ITM system consists of many distinct physical processes, ranging from complex electrochemical and thermochemical reactions to conventional heat and mass transfer. The dependence of ITM performance on power cycle operating conditions and system integration schemes must be captured in order to conduct meaningful process flow and optimization analyses. An axially spatially-distributed, quasi two-dimensional ITM model is developed based on fundamental conservation equations, semi-empirical oxygen transport equations obtained from the literature, and simplified fuel oxidation kinetic mechanisms. Aspects of reactor engineering such as geometric structure, flow configuration and the relationship between oxygen transport, fuel conversion and pressure drop are explored. Emphasis is placed on model robustness, modularity, and low computational expense. The model seeks to bridge the gap between detailed CFD studies and overly-simplified black-box models and provides a tool for the analysis and design of ITM systems. The ITM model is used to explore the dependence of ITM performance on reactor geometric structure, flow configuration, operating conditions, membrane material properties, and uncertainty in key modeling assumptions. Many operational constraints are presented that are usually overlooked by black-box modeling strategies, and the implications of these constraints are explored. Further, a comparison is made between reactive and separation-only ITMs to assess the relative merits and disadvantages of each. The results show that although a reactive ITM significantly improves the partial pressure driving force, practical reactor engineering considerations indicate that this concept is not superior to counter-current separation-only ITMs, mainly due to stringent temperature limitations of the membrane material. A Second Law assessment of certain ITM configurations is performed to evaluate the potential of ITM technology to reduce the air separation penalty and to guide effective systems-level integration. Finally, simulations of various ITM-based zero-emissions power cycles using the intermediate fidelity ITM model are performed. The first objective is to analyze the prevalent ITM-based power cycle designs and develop novel design modifications. The second objective is to investigate the effect of reactive ITM improvement design strategies proposed herein, such as the multiple compartment reactive ITM (MCRI), the low activation energy (LAE) materials reactive ITM, and hybrid reactive and separation-only concepts. An assessment of the potential for these novel ITM designs to reduce both the penalty and size associated with ITM air separation technology is conducted. The power cycle simulation and analysis clearly demonstrates the various challenges associated with implementing reactive ITMs. The hybrid cycle displays the potential to reduce the size of the ITM compared to the best separation-only concept while maintaining a comparable First Law efficiency. Additionally, the MCRI simulation results indicate comparable ITM size and pressure drops to the best separation only-concepts, greatly improving the attractiveness of reactive ITMs. Overall, the work herein finally allows for detailed optimization analyses to determine the best possible ITM oxy-combustion power cycles.by Nicholas D. Mancini.S.M

European Climate Neutral Industry Competitiveness Scoreboard (CINDECS) - Annual Report 2021

This report builds on the findings and framework developed in the study, ‘Climate neutral market opportunities and EU competitiveness’, conducted by the ICF and Cleantech Group for DG GROW in 2019-2020. The objective is to establish a scoreboard to assess the EU’s competitive position in carbon-neutral solutions across important industrial ecosystems related to the energy transition. The 2021 annual report of the European Climate Neutral Industry Competitiveness Scoreboard (CIndECS) provides an assessment of 20 climate-neutral solutions, in the ecosystems of renewable energy, energy-intensive industry, mobility-transport-automotive, construction and electronics. The scoreboard is based on ten key indicators: public R&D investment, early and later stage private investment, patenting activity, number of innovating companies, employment, production, turnover, imports & exports and trade balance. The analysis for each indicator is presented though a number of supporting sub-indicators, described in the summary of the assessment methodology, data collection and sources. For more details on the methodology, readers should consult the respective CIndECS technical document, on the protocol of the assessment methodology.JRC.C.7 - Knowledge for the Energy Unio

Best Environmental Management Practice in the Fabricated Metal Product manufacturing sector

This report encloses technical information pertinent to the development of Best Environmental Management Practices (BEMPs) for the Sectoral Reference Document on the Fabricated Metal Products manufacturing sector, to be produced by the European Commission according to Article 46 of Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 (EMAS Regulation). The BEMPs, both of technological and management nature (identified in close cooperation with a technical working group) address all the relevant environmental aspects of the Fabricated Metal Products manufacturing facilities. The BEMPs described in this report provide guidance on the cross-cutting issues and optimisation of utilities of the manufacturing facilities. Moreover, the BEMPs cover also the most relevant manufacturing processes, looking at energy and material efficiency, protecting and enhancing biodiversity, using of renewable energy and using rationally and effectively chemicals e.g. for cooling of various machining processes. Each BEMP gives a wide range of information and outlines the achieved environmental benefits, appropriate environmental performance indicators to measure environmental performance against the proposed benchmarks of excellence, economics etc. aiming at giving inspiration and guidance to any company of the sector who wishes to improve its environmental performance.JRC.B.5-Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi

EUROSENSORS XVII : book of abstracts

Fundação Calouste Gulbenkien (FCG).Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)