Développement d’un système d’administration de l’anesthésie en boucle fermée

En salle d’opération, les tâches de l’anesthésiste sont nombreuses. Alors que l’utilisation de nouveaux outils technologiques l’informe plus fidèlement sur ce qui se passe pour son patient, ces outils font que ses tâches deviennent plus exigeantes. En vue de diminuer cette charge de travail, nous avons considérer l’administration automatique d’agents anesthésiques en se servant de contrôle en boucle fermée. À cette fin, nous avons développé un système d’administration d’un agent anesthésique (le propofol) visant à maintenir à un niveau optimal la perte de conscience du patient pendant toute la durée d’une chirurgie. Le système comprend un ordinateur, un moniteur d’anesthésie et une pompe de perfusion. L’ordinateur est doté d’un algorithme de contrôle qui, à partir d’un indice (Bispectral IndexTM ou BIS) fournit par le moniteur d’anesthésie détermine le taux d’infusion de l’agent anesthésiant. Au départ, l’anesthésiste choisit une valeur cible pour la variable de contrôle BIS et l’algorithme, basé sur système expert, calcule les doses de perfusion de propofol de sorte que la valeur mesurée de BIS se rapproche le plus possible de la valeur cible établie. Comme interface-utilisateur pour un nouveau moniteur d’anesthésie, quatre sortes d’affichage ont été considérés: purement numérique, purement graphique, un mélange entre graphique et numérique et un affichage graphique intégré (soit bidimensionnel). À partir de 20 scenarios différents où des paramètres normaux et anormaux en anesthésie étaient présentés à des anesthésistes et des résidents, l’étude des temps de réaction, de l’exactitude des réponses et de la convivialité (évaluée par le NASA-TLX) a montré qu’un affichage qui combine des éléments graphiques et numériques était le meilleur choix comme interface du système. Une étude clinique a été réalisée pour comparer le comportement du système d’administration de propofol en boucle fermée comparativement à une anesthésie contrôlée de façon manuelle et conventionnelle où le BIS était aussi utilisé. Suite à l’approbation du comité d’éthique et le consentement de personnes ayant à subir des chirurgies générales et orthopédiques, 40 patients ont été distribués également et aléatoirement soit dans le Groupe contrôle, soit dans le Groupe boucle fermée. Après l’induction manuelle de propofol (1.5 mg/kg), le contrôle en boucle fermée a été déclenché pour maintenir l’anesthésie à une cible de BIS fixée à 45. Dans l’autre groupe, le propofol a été administré à l’aide d’une pompe de perfusion et l’anesthésiste avait aussi à garder manuellement l’indice BIS le plus proche possible de 45. En fonction du BIS mesuré, la performance du contrôle exercé a été définie comme excellente pendant les moments où la valeur du BIS mesurée se situait à ±10% de la valeur cible, bonne si comprise de ±10% à ±20%, faible si comprise de ±20% à ±30% ou inadéquate lorsque >±30%. Dans le Groupe boucle fermée, le système a montré un contrôle excellent durant 55% du temps total de l’intervention, un bon contrôle durant 29% du temps et faible que pendant 9% du temps. Le temps depuis l’arrêt de la perfusion jusqu’à l’extubation est de 9 ± 3.7 min. Dans le Groupe contrôle, un contrôle excellent, bon, et faible a été enregistré durant 33%, 33% et 15% du temps respectivement et les doses ont été changées manuellement par l’anesthésiste en moyenne 9.5±4 fois par h. L’extubation a été accomplie après 11.9 ± 3.3 min de l’arrêt de la perfusion. Dans le Groupe boucle fermée, un contrôle excellent a été obtenu plus longtemps au cours des interventions (P<0.0001) et un contrôle inadéquat moins longtemps (P=0.001) que dans le Groupe contrôle. Le système en boucle fermée d’administration de propofol permet donc de maintenir plus facilement l’anesthésie au voisinage d’une cible choisie que l’administration manuelle.In the operating room, the anaesthetist performs numerous tasks. New technological tools better inform him about the state of the patient but render his task more demanding. To alleviate the anaesthetist workload, we have considered the automatic administration of anesthetic drugs using closed-loop control. In this respect, we have developed a system for the administration of an anesthetic agent (propofol) in order to maintain loss of consciousness at an optimal level throughout a surgery. The system comprises a computer, an anaesthesia monitor and an infusion pump. A control algorithm installed on the computer determines the infusion rate of the hypnotic drug based on the Bispectral IndexTM (BIS) provided by the monitor. At first, the anaesthetist chooses a target value for the control variable BIS and the algorithm, which consists of an expert system, calculates the infusion doses of propofol in order to steer the measured BIS value closer to the target value. For the user-interface of a novel anaesthesia monitor, four display types were considered: purely numeric, purely graphical, a mixed graphical and numerical and a bi-dimensional integrated graphical display. Based on 20 different scenarios where normal and abnormal anaesthesia parameters were presented to anaesthetists and residents, the study of the reaction time, response accuracy and user-friendliness (assessed by the NASA-TLX) showed that a mixed graphical and numerical display is the best preferred for the interface of the system. A clinical study was conducted in order to compare the behaviour of the system of administering propofol in closed-loop to manually controlled anaesthesia guided by BIS. After Institutional Review Board approval and written consent, 40 patients undergoing orthopaedic or general surgery were randomly assigned to 2 groups of equal size. After manual propofol induction (1.5 mg/kg), closed loop control was used to maintain anesthesia at a target BIS of 45 (Closed-loop group); in the other group, propofol was administered manually using a syringe pump by an experienced anaesthesiologist in order to maintain a target BIS of 45 as closely as possible (Control group). The performance of the system was defined as excellent, good, poor or inadequate, when the BIS was within 10%, between 10 and 20%, between 20 and 30% or outside 30% of the target BIS, respectively. In the Closed-loop group, the system showed excellent control during 55% of the total anaesthesia time, good control during 29% of the time and poor control during 9% of the time. The time from the end of infusion to extubation was 9 ± 3.7 min. In the Control group, excellent, good and poor control were noted during 33%, 33% and 15% of the time, respectively and doses were changed 9.5 ± 4 times per h. Extubation was achieved after 11.9 ± 3.3 min from the end of infusion. In the Closed-loop group, excellent control of anesthesia occurred significantly more often (P<0.0001) and inadequate control less often than in the Control group (P=0.001). The present system of administering propofol in closed-loop maintains the anesthesia level closer to a given target than manual administration

Tracking the NMB level via a switching system mass control strategy

Tese de mestrado. Engenharia Biomédica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 201

In silico testing of glucose controllers : methodology and sample application

Diabetes mellitus designates a range of metabolic disorders characterised by hyperglycaemia due to deficient or absent insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. In particular, Type 1 diabetes is characterised by a total lack of endogenous insulin secretion which has to be replaced by exogenous insulin to control the plasma glucose concentration. An extracorporeal wearable artificial pancreas (AP) has been a research aim for over three decades. The research is motivated by the need to improve glucose control. Results of a major study, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), have demonstrated that improvements in glucose control prevent or delay long term complications, which are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in subjects with Type 1 diabetes. Prior to a clinical evaluation, performance of new medical devices can be tested in silico. Such an approach has been adopted extensively by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of new drugs. In silica testing benefits from relatively low financial, human, and time costs by comparison with the resources required for a full clinical evaluation. The aims of the present thesis are to identify components of the AP, integrate them into a simulation environment, and design an in silico evaluation strategy for the development of closed-loop algorithms with the ultimate goal to assess safety and efficacy prior to clinical evaluation. In the present work, submodels of metabolic processes were linked to represent the characteristics of the glucoregulation in Type 1 diabetes. The submodels were associated with sets of parameters to account for variability in population and individual responses to meals and insulin therapy. The model of glucoregulation in Type 1 diabetes was extended by models of subcutaneous (sc) glucose sensing and sc insulin delivery to represent all aspects of the AP. A systematic approach was developed and employed to evaluate, in silica, the potential and limitations of an AP glucose controller. This was exemplified by evaluating a nonlinear model predictive controller. The robustness of the AP was explored by hypothesising various perturbations induced by different system components. A further objective included the establishment of a qualitative grading scheme of glucose control from the clinical viewpoint. This was followed by a comparison between results from simulations and a clinical trial of 24 hours, which gave the proof of concept of in silica testing. It was found that despite discrepancies due to initial conditions and meal differences, the simulations indicated well the outcome of the clinical trial. In conclusion, the thesis demonstrates the significant potential of in silica testing to make predictions about system behaviour aiding the assessment of safety and efficacy of control algorithms during the development of an AP

Acute lung injury in paediatric intensive care: course and outcome

Introduction: Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) carry a high morbidity and mortality (10-90%). ALI is characterised by non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and refractory hypoxaemia of multifactorial aetiology [1]. There is limited data about outcome particularly in children. Methods This retrospective cohort study of 85 randomly selected patients with respiratory failure recruited from a prospectively collected database represents 7.1% of 1187 admissions. They include those treated with High Frequency Oscillation Ventilation (HFOV). The patients were admitted between 1 November 1998 and 31 October 2000. Results: Of the 85, 49 developed acute lung injury and 47 had ARDS. There were 26 males and 23 females with a median age and weight of 7.7 months (range 1 day-12.8 years) and 8 kg (range 0.8-40 kg). There were 7 deaths giving a crude mortality of 14.3%, all of which fulfilled the Consensus I [1] criteria for ARDS. Pulmonary occlusion pressures were not routinely measured. The A-a gradient and PaO2/FiO2 ratio (median + [95% CI]) were 37.46 [31.82-43.1] kPa and 19.12 [15.26-22.98] kPa respectively. The non-survivors had a significantly lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio (13 [6.07-19.93] kPa) compared to survivors (23.85 [19.57-28.13] kPa) (P = 0.03) and had a higher A-a gradient (51.05 [35.68-66.42] kPa) compared to survivors (36.07 [30.2-41.94]) kPa though not significant (P = 0.06). Twenty-nine patients (59.2%) were oscillated (Sensormedics 3100A) including all 7 non-survivors. There was no difference in ventilation requirements for CMV prior to oscillation. Seventeen of the 49 (34.7%) were treated with Nitric Oxide including 5 out of 7 non-survivors (71.4%). The median (95% CI) number of failed organs was 3 (1.96-4.04) for non-survivors compared to 1 (0.62-1.62) for survivors (P = 0.03). There were 27 patients with isolated respiratory failure all of whom survived. Six (85.7%) of the non-survivors also required cardiovascular support.Conclusion: A crude mortality of 14.3% compares favourably to published data. The A-a gradient and PaO2/FiO2 ratio may be of help in morbidity scoring in paediatric ARDS. Use of Nitric Oxide and HFOV is associated with increased mortality, which probably relates to the severity of disease. Multiple organ failure particularly respiratory and cardiac disease is associated with increased mortality. ARDS with isolated respiratory failure carries a good prognosis in children